J/ApJ/806/183ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/806/183doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.18060183CDSWolfgang A.Lopez E.2018-01-04T08:21:52Z2015-11-18T14:29:08ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frsolar-system-planetsstellar-radiiThe Kepler Mission has found thousands of planetary candidates with radii between 1 and 4R_{Earth}_. These planets have no analogues in our own solar system, providing an unprecedented opportunity to understand the range and distribution of planetary compositions allowed by planet formation and evolution. A precise mass measurement is usually required to constrain the possible composition of an individual super-Earth-sized planet, but these measurements are difficult and expensive to make for the majority of Kepler planet candidates (PCs). Fortunately, adopting a statistical approach helps us to address this question without them. In particular, we apply hierarchical Bayesian modeling to a subsample of Kepler PCs that is complete for P<25 days and R_pl_>1.2R_{Earth}_ and draw upon interior structure models that yield radii largely independent of mass by accounting for the thermal evolution of a gaseous envelope around a rocky core. Assuming the envelope is dominated by hydrogen and helium, we present the current-day composition distribution of the sub-Neptune-sized planet population and find that H+He envelopes are most likely to be ~1% of these planets' total masses with an intrinsic scatter of +/-0.5 dex. We address the gaseous/rocky transition and illustrate how our results do not result in a one-to-one relationship between mass and radius for this sub-Neptune population; accordingly, dynamical studies that wish to use Kepler data must adopt a probabilistic approach to accurately represent the range of possible masses at a given radius.2015ApJ...806..183Whttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/806/183CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toV/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)J/ApJS/217/16 : Kepler planetary candidates. V. 3yr Q1-Q12 (Rowe+, 2015)J/ApJ/800/135 : HARPS-N radial velocities of KOI-69 (Dressing+, 2015)J/ApJS/211/2 : Stellar properties of Q1-16 Kepler targets (Huber+, 2014)J/ApJS/210/20 : Small Kepler planets radial velocities (Marcy+, 2014)J/ApJS/210/19 : Kepler planetary candidates. IV. 22 months (Burke+, 2014)J/ApJS/207/35 : Kepler pipeline signal-to-noise studies (Christiansen+, 2013)J/ApJ/767/95 : Improved stellar param. of smallest KIC stars (Dressing+, 2013)J/ApJS/204/24 : Kepler planetary candidates. III. (Batalha+, 2013)J/PASP/124/1279 : Q3 Kepler's combined photometry (Christiansen+, 2012)J/ApJS/197/8 : Kepler's candidate mult. transiting planets (Lissauer+, 2011)J/ApJ/738/170 : False positive Kepler planet candidates (Morton+, 2011)J/ApJ/736/19 : Kepler planetary candidates. II. (Borucki+, 2011)J/other/Sci/330.653 : Detected planets in the Eta-Earth Survey (Howard+, 2010)http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/ : NASA Exoplanet Archive home pagehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/806/183https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/806/183http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/806/183https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/806/183https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/806/183http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/806/183GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/806/183/table1 (Compositions of individual planets in sample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/806/183/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/806/183/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/806/183/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true292.2490246.16482190.0055555555555555565/3646 3733 3777 3792 6/14567 14573 14578 14579 14588 14590 14591 14734 14744 14750 14757 14758 14759 14762 14763 14764 14765 14767 14768 14770 14774 14778 14782 14794 14816 14830 14915 14917 14918 14919 14920 14924 14925 14929 14930 14936 14939 14940 14954 14955 14957 14959 14960 14961 14966 14969 14971 14972 14975 15044 15045 15060 15104 15106 15107 15113 15114 15115 15116 15118 15119 15120 15121 15122 15125 15127 15128 15129 15131 15132 15133 15136 15137 15139 15141 15155 15157 15158 15172 15232https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/806/183?format=asciidefaultJ/ApJ/806/183/table1Compositions of individual planets in samplerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKOI[49.01/4505.01] Kepler Object of Interest numbermeta.id;meta.mainfloatKICKepler target star identifiermeta.id.parentintRp[0.9/3.6] Planetary radius (1)(6.3781x10+6m)phys.size.radiusfloate_RpLower bound on central 68% probability in Rp (2)(6.3781x10+6m)stat.errorfloatE_RpUpper bound on central 68% probability in Rp (2)(6.3781x10+6m)stat.error;stat.maxfloatPer[0.6/24.4] Perioddtime.periodfloatR*[0.5/1.3] Stellar radius (1)solRadphys.size.radiusfloatfenv[0.06/6.4]? Fraction of planet mass existing in gaseous H+He envelope%stat.fit.paramfloatnullableR[R] R: indicates fenv posterior has mostly rocky compositionmeta.codechare_fenvLower bound on central 68% probability in fenv (2)%stat.errorfloatE_fenvUpper bound on central 68% probability in fenv (2)%stat.error;stat.maxfloatR15Display the KIC stellar parameter from Rowe+, 2015, J/ApJS/217/16meta.ref.urlcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RAPosition from KIC catalog (V/133) (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPosition from KIC catalog (V/133) (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main