J/ApJ/789/104ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/789/104doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.17890104CDSOfek E.O.Sullivan M.Shaviv N.J.Steinbok A.Arcavi I.Gal-Yam A.,Tal D.Kulkarni S.R.Nugent P.E.Ben-Ami S.Kasliwal M.M.Cenko S.B.,Laher R.Surace J.Bloom J.S.Filippenko A.V.Silverman J.M.Yaron O.2017-12-12T14:44:35Z2017-03-17T13:47:13ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frsupernovaephotometryapparent-magnitudeThere is a growing number of Type IIn supernovae (SNe) which present an outburst prior to their presumably final explosion. These precursors may affect the SN display, and are likely related to poorly charted phenomena in the final stages of stellar evolution. By coadding Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) images taken prior to the explosion, here we present a search for precursors in a sample of 16 Type IIn SNe. We find five SNe IIn that likely have at least one possible precursor event (PTF 10bjb, SN 2010mc, PTF 10weh, SN 2011ht, and PTF 12cxj), three of which are reported here for the first time. For each SN we calculate the control time. We find that precursor events among SNe IIn are common: at the one-sided 99% confidence level, >50% of SNe IIn have at least one pre-explosion outburst that is brighter than 3x10^7^ L_{sun}_ taking place up to 1/3 yr prior to the SN explosion. The average rate of such precursor events during the year prior to the SN explosion is likely >~ 1/yr, and fainter precursors are possibly even more common. Ignoring the two weakest precursors in our sample, the precursors rate we find is still on the order of one per year. We also find possible correlations between the integrated luminosity of the precursor and the SN total radiated energy, peak luminosity, and rise time. These correlations are expected if the precursors are mass-ejection events, and the early-time light curve of these SNe is powered by interaction of the SN shock and ejecta with optically thick circumstellar material.2014ApJ...789..104Ohttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/789/104CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toB/sn : Asiago Supernova Catalogue (Barbon et al., 1999-)J/other/Nat/494.65 : SN 2010mc outburst before explosion (Ofek+, 2013)J/ApJ/824/6 : PTF obs. of a precursor to SNHunt 275 2015 May eventhttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/789/104https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/789/104http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/789/104https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/789/104https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/789/104http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/789/104GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/789/104/table1 (SN Sample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/789/104/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/789/104/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/789/104/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true145.72229.4950.0055555555555555566/2147 2504 4181 5987 5993 6048 9339 9463 9702 9859 10194 10574 11041 11044 13518 16917 17235 18214 20245 25085 36712https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/789/104?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/ApJ/789/104/table1SN SampleSNSupernova identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharRefReferences, in refs.dat filemeta.ref;meta.filecharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTypeType according to SN classificationsrc.classcharRAJ2000Aperture Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Aperture Declinaison (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainnullablel_RMagpeak? Limit flag on RMagpeakmeta.code.errorcharRMagpeak? Peak absolute R band magnitudemagphys.magAbs;em.opt.Rfloatnullableu_RMagpeak? Uncertainty flag on RMagpeakmeta.code.errorcharz? SN redshiftsrc.redshiftfloatnullableDM? Distance modulusmagphot.mag.distModfloatnullabletrise? MJD of the estimated start of the SN risedtime.epochcharu_trise? Uncertainty flag on trisemeta.code.errorchartpeak? MJD of the light-curve peakdtime.epochcharu_tpeak? Uncertainty flag on tpeakmeta.code.errorcharFAP? False-alarm probability (1)stat.fit.goodnessfloatnullableNameSN name as in table2meta.idcharLCShow the light curvesmeta.ref.urlcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJ/789/104/refsReferencesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRefReference numbermeta.id;meta.mainintBibCodeBibCodemeta.bib.bibcodecharAutAuthor's namemeta.bib.authorcharComCommentsmeta.notecharJ/ApJ/789/104/table2SN ObservationsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSNSupernova identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharFilter[Rg] Filter used in the observationinstr.setup;obscharTimeTime relative to trise (in table1)dtime.intervaldoubleMJDModified Julian Datedtime.epochdoublemagObserved luptitude in Filter (1)magphot.magfloatemagError in magmagstat.errordoublelmagLimiting magnitudemagphot.magfloatFluxFlux residualctstat.fit.residual;phot.fluxdoublee_FluxError in Fluxctstat.error;phot.fluxfloatJ/ApJ/789/104/table5Control timerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSNSupernova identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharTimeTime relative to trise (in table1) (1)dtime.intervalfloatRmagApparent PTF R band limiting magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.RfloatRMagAbsolute PTF R band limiting magnitudemagphys.magAbs;em.opt.RfloatNumNumber of measurements in time bin (2)meta.numberint