J/ApJ/770/69ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/770/69doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.17700069CDSPetigura E.A.Marcy G.W.Howard A.W.2022-05-02T14:34:57Z2015-01-29T13:17:52ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frsolar-system-planetsmultiple-starsstellar-radiieffective-temperatureWe carry out an independent search of Kepler photometry for small transiting planets with sizes 0.5-8.0 times that of Earth and orbital periods between 5 and 50 days, with the goal of measuring the fraction of stars harboring such planets. We use a new transit search algorithm, TERRA, optimized to detect small planets around photometrically quiet stars. We restrict our stellar sample to include the 12000 stars having the lowest photometric noise in the Kepler survey, thereby maximizing the detectability of Earth-size planets. We report 129 planet candidates having radii less than 6R_E_ found in three years of Kepler photometry (quarters 1-12). Forty-seven of these candidates are not in Batalha et al. (J/ApJS/204/24), which only analyzed photometry from quarters 1-6. We gather Keck HIRES spectra for the majority of these targets leading to precise stellar radii and hence precise planet radii. We make a detailed measurement of the completeness of our planet search. We inject synthetic dimmings from mock transiting planets into the actual Kepler photometry. We then analyze that injected photometry with our TERRA pipeline to assess our detection completeness for planets of different sizes and orbital periods. We compute the occurrence of planets as a function of planet radius and period, correcting for the detection completeness as well as the geometric probability of transit, R_*_/a. The resulting distribution of planet sizes exhibits a power law rise in occurrence from 5.7R_E_ down to 2R_E_, as found in Howard et al. (2012ApJS..201...15H). That rise clearly ends at 2R_E_. The occurrence of planets is consistent with constant from 2R_E_ toward 1R_E_. This unexpected plateau in planet occurrence at 2R_E_ suggests distinct planet formation processes for planets above and below 2R_E_.2013ApJ...770...69Phttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/770/69CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toV/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)J/ApJS/207/35 : Kepler pipeline signal-to-noise studies (Christiansen+, 2013)J/ApJS/204/24 : Kepler planetary candidates. III. (Batalha+, 2013)J/ApJ/763/41 : Kepler multiple-candidate systems radii (Ciardi+, 2013)J/ApJ/738/170 : False positive Kepler planet candidates (Morton+, 2011)J/ApJ/736/19 : Kepler planetary candidates. II. (Borucki+, 2011)J/ApJ/728/117 : Kepler planetary candidates. I. (Borucki+, 2011)J/AJ/142/112 : KIC photometric calibration (Brown+, 2011)J/ApJS/197/8 : Kepler's candidate mult. transiting planets (Lissauer+, 2011)J/other/Sci/330.653 : Detected planets in the Eta-Earth Survey (Howard+, 2010)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/770/69https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/770/69http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/770/69https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/770/69https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/770/69http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/770/69GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/770/69/table2 (Planet candidates identified with TERRA)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/770/69/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/770/69/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/770/69/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true286.6257637.53730.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/770/69/table3 (Union of Batalha et al. 2013 (J/ApJS/204/24) and TERRA Planet Candidate Catalogs)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/770/69/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/770/69/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/770/69/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true286.6257637.53730.0055555555555555565/3732 3734 6/14573 14578-14579 14584-14585 14590 14733-14735 14744 14750 14756 14758 14760 14762 14764-14765 14767-14768 14770 14772 14774 14778-14779 14816-14817 14830 14915 14918-14919 14921 14924 14932-14933 14943 14954-14955 14957 14959 14961-14962 14964 14966 14968-14970 15041 15043 15060 15104 15107 15109-15110 15112 15116 15118-15119 15121 15126 15130-15133 15139 15141 15153 15155-15156 15158 15168-15170 15174 15200 15232https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/770/69?format=asciidefaultJ/ApJ/770/69/table2Planet candidates identified with TERRAKIC[2142522/12737015] Kepler identifier (V/133)meta.id;meta.mainintNpNumber of planets (table3)meta.numberintnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintn_KIC[n] new candidate identified with TERRA (column added by CDS) (4)meta.notecharPer[5/49.6] Orbital period (1)dtime.periodfloatT0Time of transit center (BJD-2454900) (1)dtime.epochfloatRp/R*[0.5/5.7] Planet-to-star radius ratio (1)%phys.size.radiusfloate_Rp/R*[0.05/0.7] Rp/R* uncertainty%stat.errorfloattau[0.4/8.1] Time for the planet to travel R* during transit ({tau}) (1)htime.intervalfloate_tau[0.02/4] tau uncertaintyhstat.errorfloatl_bLimit flag on bmeta.code.errorcharb[0.2/1] Transit impact parameter b (1)src.impactParamfloate_b[0.01/0.3]? b uncertaintystat.errorfloatnullableTeff[4692/6179] Effective temperature (2)Kphys.temperature.effectiveintlogg[3.8/4.7] Surface gravity (2)log(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatR*[0.6/2.5] Stellar radius (2)solRadphys.size.radiusfloatRp[0.5/5.6] Planet radius(6.3781x10+6m)phys.size.radiusfloate_Rp[0.06/1.1] Rp uncertainty(6.3781x10+6m)stat.errorfloatSrcSource of stellar parameters (3)meta.ref;pos.framecharFP[YN] False positive?meta.ref;pos.framecharB12Candidate present in Batalha et al. 2013 (J/ApJS/204/24)?meta.ref;pos.framecharMDisplay the data from Batalha et al. 2013 (J/ApJS/204/24) and/or Borucki et al. 2011 (J/ApJ/736/19)meta.ref.urlintnullable_RAPositions from Kepler Input Catalog (V/133) (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from Kepler Input Catalog (V/133) (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/770/69/table3Union of Batalha et al. 2013 (J/ApJS/204/24) and TERRA Planet Candidate CatalogsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKIC[2142522/12737015] Kepler identifiermeta.id;meta.mainintprimaryPstellar parameters (table 2)meta.ref.urlcharKOI[5.02/2582.01]? KOI planet identifier (1)meta.idfloatnullablePerB[5.2/49.2]? Period from Batalha et al. (1)dtime.periodfloatnullableRpB[0.5/6.3]? Planet radius from Batalha et al.(1)(6.3781x10+6m)phys.size.radiusfloatnullablePer[5/49.6]? TERRA perioddtime.periodfloatnullableRp[0.5/5.6]? TERRA planet radius(6.3781x10+6m)phys.size.radiusfloatnullableMDisplay the data from Batalha et al. 2013 (J/ApJS/204/24) and/or Borucki et al. 2011 (J/ApJ/736/19)meta.ref.urlintnullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RAPositions from Kepler Input Catalog (V/133) (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from Kepler Input Catalog (V/133) (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main