J/ApJ/768/47ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/768/47doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.17680047CDSOfek E.O.Lin L.Kouveliotou C.Younes G.Gogus E.Kasliwal M.M.,Cao Y.2017-06-27T06:38:57Z2014-12-18T09:50:15ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frsupernovaex-ray-sourcesSome supernovae (SNe) show evidence for mass-loss events taking place prior to their explosions. Measuring their pre-outburst mass-loss rates provides essential information regarding the mechanisms that are responsible for these events. Here we present XMM-Newton and Swift X-ray observations taken after the latest, and presumably the final, outburst of SN 2009ip. We use these observations as well as new near-infrared and visible-light spectra and published radio and visible-light observations to put six independent order-of-magnitude constraints on the mass-loss rate of the SN progenitor prior to the explosion. Our methods utilize the X-ray luminosity, the bound-free absorption, the H{alpha} luminosity, the SN rise time, free-free absorption, and the bolometric luminosity of the outburst detected prior to the explosion. Assuming spherical mass loss with a wind-density profile, we estimate that the effective mass-loss rate from the progenitor was between 10^-3^ and 10^-2^M_{sun}_/yr, over a few years prior to the explosion, with a velocity of ~10^3^km/s. This mass-loss rate corresponds to a total circumstellar matter (CSM) mass of ~0.04M_{sun}_, within 6x10^15^cm of the SN. We note that the mass-loss rate estimate based on the H{alpha} luminosity is higher by an order of magnitude. This can be explained if the narrow-line H{alpha} component is generated at radii larger than the shock radius, or if the CSM has an aspherical geometry. We discuss simple geometries which are consistent with our results.2013ApJ...768...47Ohttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/768/47CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic servicerelated-toB/vsx : AAVSO International Variable Star Index VSX (Watson+, 2006-2014)B/chandra : The Chandra Archive Log (CXC, 1999-2014)B/xmm : XMM-Newton Observation Log (XMM-Newton Science Operation Center, 2012)B/sn : Asiago Supernova Catalogue (Barbon et al., 1999-)J/ApJ/763/L27 : RI light curves of the type IIn SN 2009ip (Prieto+, 2013)J/ApJ/763/42 : X-ray emission from 28 SNe (IIn, Ibn or SLSN-I) (Ofek+, 2013)J/MNRAS/433/1312 : SN2009ip UBVRI, UVOR and JHK light curves (Fraser+, 2013)J/other/Nat/494.65 : SN 2010mc outburst before explosion (Ofek+, 2013)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/768/47https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/768/47http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/768/47https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/768/47https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/768/47http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/768/47GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapX-raydefaultJ/ApJ/768/47/table1Swift-XRT observationsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMJDModified Julian Date of observationdtime.epochdoubleExp[0.08/18] Swift/XRT integration timekstime.epochfloatSCX-ray counts in source aperture (1)ctphot.count;em.X-rayintBCX-ray counts in background annulus (2)ctinstr.backgroundint