J/ApJ/768/25ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/768/25doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.17680025CDSGaspar A.Rieke G.H.Balog Z.2021-02-17T15:51:39Z2014-12-18T09:05:20ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frinfrared-photometrystellar-agesstellar-spectral-typesWe explore the collisional decay of disk mass and infrared emission in debris disks. With models, we show that the rate of the decay varies throughout the evolution of the disks, increasing its rate up to a certain point, which is followed by a leveling off to a slower value. The total disk mass falls off {prop.to}t^-0.35^ at its fastest point (where t is time) for our reference model, while the dust mass and its proxy -the infrared excess emission- fades significantly faster ({prop.to}t^-0.8^). These later level off to a decay rate of M_tot_(t){prop.to}t^-0.08^ and M_dust_(t) or L_ir_(t){prop.to}t^-0.6^. This is slower than the {prop.to}t.^-1^ decay given for all three system parameters by traditional analytic models. We also compile an extensive catalog of Spitzer and Herschel 24, 70, and 100{mu}m observations. Assuming a log-normal distribution of initial disk masses, we generate model population decay curves for the fraction of stars harboring debris disks detected at 24{mu}m. We also model the distribution of measured excesses at the far-IR wavelengths (70-100{mu}m) at certain age regimes. We show general agreement at 24{mu}m between the decay of our numerical collisional population synthesis model and observations up to a Gyr. We associate offsets above a Gyr to stochastic events in a few select systems. We cannot fit the decay in the far-infrared convincingly with grain strength properties appropriate for silicates, but those of water ice give fits more consistent with the observations (other relatively weak grain materials would presumably also be successful). The oldest disks have a higher incidence of large excesses than predicted by the model; again, a plausible explanation is very late phases of high dynamical activity around a small number of stars. Finally, we constrain the variables of our numerical model by comparing the evolutionary trends generated from the exploration of the full parameter space to observations. Amongst other results, we show that erosive collisions are dominant in setting the timescale of the evolution and that planetesimals on the order of 100 km in diameter are necessary in the cascades for our population synthesis models to reproduce the observations.2013ApJ...768...25Ghttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/768/25CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toVI/139 : Herschel Observation Log (Herschel Science Centre, 2013)II/311 : WISE All-Sky Data Release (Cutri+ 2012)J/A+A/555/A11 : DUNES survey observational results (Eiroa+, 2013)J/AJ/143/135 : Ages of A-K type stars in DEBRIS survey (Vican, 2012)J/ApJ/750/98 : 24um obs. of AFGKM stars of 3 clusters (Urban+, 2012)J/ApJ/738/122 : ScoCen debris disks Around F- and G-type stars (Chen+, 2011)J/A+A/531/A8 : Activity indexes & velocities for 890 stars (Jenkins+, 2011)J/AZh/88/1217 : Solar-like activity of low-mass stars (Kasova+, 2011)J/A+A/520/A79 : Nearby stars chromospheric activity (Martinez-Arnaiz+, 2010)J/MNRAS/403/1089 : SUNS and DEBRIS surveys target selection (Phillips+, 2010)J/ApJ/698/1989 : Spitzer survey of NGC 2451 (Balog+, 2009)J/ApJ/697/1578 : A debris disk study of Praesepe (Gaspar+, 2009)J/ApJS/179/451 : IR excesses for protoplanetary disks (Kenyon+, 2008)J/ApJ/687/1264 : Age estimation for solar-type dwarfs (Mamajek+, 2008)J/A+A/483/903 : Mt Wilson index for main sequence F-K stars (Buccino+, 2008)J/PASP/119/994 : MIPS 24um calibrators (Engelbracht+, 2007)J/ApJ/670/516 : NGC 2547 4.5-8um photometry (Gorlova+, 2007)J/AJ/133/2524 : Spectra of young nearby stars (White+, 2007)J/ApJ/653/675 : Spitzer 24{mu}m photometry of A dwarfs (Su+, 2006)J/ApJ/636/1098 : Debris disks around solar-type stars (Bryden+, 2006)J/MNRAS/372/163 : Activity indices for southern stars (Jenkins+, 2006)J/AJ/132/161 : NStars project: The southern sample. I. (Gray+, 2006)J/ApJ/620/1010 : Spitzer 24{mu}m photometry of A dwarfs (Rieke+, 2005)J/ApJS/152/261 : Chromospheric Ca II emission in nearby stars (Wright+, 2004)J/AJ/126/2048 : NStars project: the Northern Sample. I. (Gray+, 2003)J/ApJ/555/932 : IR fluxes of solar-type stars (Spangler+, 2001)J/A+A/379/976 : Moving groups late-type stars EWs + fluxes (Montes+ 2001)J/A+A/348/897 : Ages of main-sequence stars (Lachaume+, 1999)J/MNRAS/298/332 : Chromospheric activity-age relation (Rocha-Pinto+ 1998)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/768/25https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/768/25http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/768/25https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/768/25https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/768/25http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/768/25GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/768/25/table2 (Photometry of the DEBRIS and DUNES Surveys)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/768/25/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/768/25/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/768/25/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true1.420916145.81208530.0055555555555555566/4 137 183 684 689 2317 2340 2472 2476 2591 2690 2737 2747 3020 3118 4316 4438 4569 4854 4942 5009 5074 5154 5207 5304 5311 5377 5420 5498 5522 5631 5670 5726 5762 5802 5836 5853 6066 6082 6154 6308 6339 6340 6672 6766 6926 6941 7205 7221 7238 7264 7267 7390 7595 7665 7763 7950 8094 8109 8145 8466 8476 8591 8687 8690 8788 8790 8843 8985 8995 9048 9072 9125 9339 9403 9442 9476 9662 9696 9801 9835 9843 10096 10225 10313 10375 10695 10735 10741 10812 10899 10923 11034 11142 11150 11193 11290 11314 11403 11405 11620 11633 11636 11671 11732 11806 11834 12232 12330 12340 12390 12592 12798 12890 13301 13440 14522 15144 15170 15174 15179 15227 15243 15311 15356 15906 16069 16105 16289 16412 16518 16543 16678 16689 16692 17028 17171 17194 17219 17486 17576 17588 17752 17783 17875 17965 18139 18441 18553 18614 18804 18821 19323 19329 19585 19766 19912 20100 20278 20328 20543 20701 20896 21060 21136 21177 21285 21289 21568 21726 21788 22300 22511 22708 22818 22822 23190 23201 23230 23369 24028 24713 24729 24777 24793 24924 25015 25056 25192 25199 25444 25766 25820 25966 25973 26024 26174 26216 26379 26462 26521 26575 26583 26975 27088 27268 27374 27735 27794 27884 27954 27973 27980 28122 28180 28316 28352 28605 28664 30176 30543 31087 31393 31412 31425 31433 31448 31478 31742 31751 31849 32192 32288 32496 32619 32757 32848 32930 33116 33211 33340 33351 33442 33456 33552 33716 33717 33813 33818 33849 33965 33976 34181 34217 34345 34446 34481 34508 34817 34896 34905 35064 35079 35149 35150 35351 35474 35753 35802 35948 36081 36145 36248 36288 36351 36365 36446 36483 36664 36711 36735 36762 36804 37020 37290 37408 38219 38238 38489 38667 38929 39149 39500 40515 40679 40692 40716 40932 41272 41565 42022 42248 42253 43318 43539 43540 43676 43809 43850 43851 43989 44284 44482 44557 44681 44833 44891 45032 45247 45272 45334 45374 45412 45472 45485 45535 45564 45589 45668 45746 45927 45941 45982 45983 45992 46113 46131 46244 46281 46320 46566 46632 46640 46776 46908 46925 46956 46982 47101 47107 47112 47137 47352 47414 47589 47598 47758 47777 47910 48037 48254 48291 48334 48355 48589 48652 48705 48768 489231.6884755400290029e-21 1.000830682546041e-20https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/768/25?format=asciiInfrareddefaultJ/ApJ/768/25/table2Photometry of the DEBRIS and DUNES SurveysSpTMK spectral typesrc.spTypecharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSSurvey (Db=DEBRIS survey (HD sources only); or D=DUNES survey)meta.idcharNameStar name (HD or HIP)meta.id;meta.maincharn_Name[*ds] Individual note on star (1)meta.notecharAge[0.01/9.3]? AgeGyrtime.agefloatnullableq_Age[1/3]? Age reliability flag (6)meta.code.qual;time.ageintnullabler_AgeReference (see refs.dat file)meta.ref;pos.framecharP24[31/13347] 24um predicted flux density for the photospheremJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umintP70[3.4/1475] 70um predicted flux density for the photospheremJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.30-60umfloatP100[0/702.3] 100um predicted flux density for the photospheremJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.60-100umfloatF24[42/1647]? Spitzer/MIPS 24um measured flux densitymJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umintnullablee_F24[0.4/16.5]? 24um estimated measurement error (2)mJystat.errorfloatnullableR24[0.8/6.4]? 24um excess with only WISE W4 (22um) available are calculated, but the MIPS 24um field is left emptymJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloatnullableF70[-16.2/1040]? Spitzer/MIPS 70um measured flux densitymJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.30-60umfloatnullablee_F70[1.6/11.1]? 70um estimated measurement errormJystat.errorfloatnullablechi70[-8.1/19.6]? 70um excess {chi}_70_ parameter (3)phot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullableF100[-18.2/863]? Herschel/PACS 100um measured flux densitymJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.60-100umfloatnullablef_F100[cb ] Flag(s) on F100 (4)meta.codechare_F100[0.8/80]? 100um estimated measurement error (5)mJystat.errorfloatnullablechi100[-3.8/19.6]? 100um excess {chi}_100_ parametermJyphot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullableFIR?[YN?] Far-IR excess? (Yes or No)meta.codecharDDCross-match within 3" with DUNES data from Eiroa et al. 2013, J/A+A/555/A11 and DEBRIS data from Vican 2012, J/AJ/143/135meta.ref.urlintnullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RAPositions from SIMBAD database (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from SIMBAD database (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/ApJ/768/25/refsReferencesRefReference codemeta.noteintrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintBibCodeBibcodemeta.bib.bibcodecharAutAuthor's name(s)meta.bib.authorcharCommCommentmeta.notechar