J/ApJ/767/36ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/767/36doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.17670036CDSStutz A.M.Tobin J.J.Stanke T.Megeath S.T.Fischer W.J.,Robitaille T.Henning T.Ali B.di Francesco J.Furlan E.Hartmann L.,Osorio M.Wilson T.L.Allen L.Krause O.Manoj P.2020-07-01T11:48:38Z2014-12-17T07:15:26ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fryoung-stellar-objectsinfrared-photometrymillimeter-astronomyphotometrysubmillimeter-astronomymolecular-cloudsWe perform a census of the reddest, and potentially youngest, protostars in the Orion molecular clouds using data obtained with the PACS instrument on board the Herschel Space Observatory and the LABOCA and SABOCA instruments on APEX as part of the Herschel Orion Protostar Survey (HOPS). A total of 55 new protostar candidates are detected at 70{mu}m and 160{mu}m that are either too faint (m_24_>7mag) to be reliably classified as protostars or undetected in the Spitzer/MIPS 24{mu}m band. We find that the 11 reddest protostar candidates with log{lambda}F_{lambda}_70/{lambda}F_{lambda}_24>1.65 are free of contamination and can thus be reliably explained as protostars. The remaining 44 sources have less extreme 70/24 colors, fainter 70{mu}m fluxes, and higher levels of contamination. Taking the previously known sample of Spitzer protostars and the new sample together, we find 18 sources that have log{lambda}F_{lambda}_70/{lambda}F_{lambda}_24>1.65; we name these sources "PACS Bright Red sources," or PBRs. Our analysis reveals that the PBR sample is composed of Class 0 like sources characterized by very red spectral energy distributions (SEDs; T_bol_<45K) and large values of sub-millimeter fluxes (L_smm_/L_bol_>0.6%). Modified blackbody fits to the SEDs provide lower limits to the envelope masses of 0.2-2M_{sun}_ and luminosities of 0.7-10L_{sun}_. Based on these properties, and a comparison of the SEDs with radiative transfer models of protostars, we conclude that the PBRs are most likely extreme Class 0 objects distinguished by higher than typical envelope densities and hence, high mass infall rates.2013ApJ...767...36Shttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/767/36CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toB/eso : ESO Science Archive Catalog (ESO, 1991-2014)VI/139 : Herschel Observation Log (Herschel Science Centre, 2013)J/ApJS/208/28 : H{alpha} survey in the ONC (Szegedi-Elek+, 2013)J/AJ/144/192 : Spitzer survey of Orion A & B. I. YSO catalog (Megeath+, 2012)J/AJ/144/31 : Spitzer+2MASS phot. of protostar candidates (Kryukova+, 2012)J/A+A/547/A49 : Herschel EPoS: high-mass overview (Ragan+, 2012)J/A+A/538/A137 : Orion B9 dense cores maps (Miettinen+, 2012)J/ApJ/752/59 : Low-mass population in L1641 (Hsu+, 2012)J/ApJ/748/14 : ONC population data from WFI observations (Da Rio+, 2012)J/ApJ/733/50 : MIR phot. monitoring of the ONC (Morales-Calderon+, 2011)J/ApJ/710/1247 : Dense cores in Gould Belt clouds (Sadavoy+, 2010)J/A+A/507/1485 : Young (proto)stellar population in L1630 (Mookerjea+ 2009)J/A+A/504/461 : YSOs in L1630N and L1641 (Fang+, 2009)J/A+A/496/153 : Molecular hydrogen flows along Ori A cloud (Davis+, 2009)J/ApJS/184/18 : Spitzer survey of young stellar clusters (Gutermuth+, 2009)J/ApJS/181/321 : Properties of Spitzer c2d dark clouds (Evans+, 2009)J/ApJS/179/249 : Low-luminosity embedded protostar population (Dunham+, 2008)J/ApJS/175/277 : Submillimeter-Continuum SCUBA detections (Di Francesco+, 2008)J/AJ/136/2413 : Galactic midplane Spitzer red sources (Robitaille+, 2008)J/AJ/135/966 : Circumstellar disk evolution in NGC 2068/71 (Flaherty+, 2008)J/ApJ/677/401 : Xray properties of protostars in ONC (Prisinzano+, 2008)J/MNRAS/374/1413 : SCUBA survey of Orion (Nutter+, 2007)J/ApJ/671/605 : NGC 2264 and ONC PMS stars in the infrared (Cieza+, 2007)J/ApJ/669/493 : Spitzer/Chandra YSOs in Serpens cloud core (Winston+, 2007)J/ApJ/653/383 : SCUBA observations in Orion A South region (Johnstone+, 2006)J/ApJ/646/297 : Spitzer obs. of pre-main-sequence stars (Rebull+, 2006)J/AJ/125/1537 : QUIRC Chandra sources in OMC 2/3 (Tsujimoto+, 2003)J/A+A/392/239 : IR survey of outflows in Orion A (Stanke+, 2002)J/A+A/372/L41 : NGC 2068/2071 protoclusters (Motte+, 2001)J/ApJ/559/307 : Sub-mm mapping in Orion B molecular cloud (Johnstone+, 2001)J/A+A/291/943 : Protostellar cores (Ossenkopf+, 1994)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/767/36https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/767/36http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/767/36https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/767/36https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/767/36http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/767/36GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/767/36/obs (Summary of HOPS (Herschel Orion Protostar Survey) observations for L1641 (table 1) , ONC, NGC 2024, NGC 2068 and L1622 (table 2))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/767/36/obs?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/767/36/obs?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/767/36/obs?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true85.66070833-8.838519440.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/767/36/table3 (Herschel protostar candidate coordinates and photometry)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/767/36/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/767/36/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/767/36/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true85.703625-8.26963890.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/767/36/PBRs (Spitzer, Herschel and APEX photometry of Herschel/PACS Bright Red sources (tables 4-6))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/767/36/PBRs?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/767/36/PBRs?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/767/36/PBRs?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true85.703333-8.2696390.0055555555555555566/21403 21425 21427 21428 21430 21435 21436 21438 21439 22804 22805 22854 22855 22861 22873 22876 235602.283270615984385e-22 1.000830682546041e-20https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/767/36?format=asciiInfraredMillimeterdefaultJ/ApJ/767/36/obsSummary of HOPS (Herschel Orion Protostar Survey) observations for L1641 (table 1) , ONC, NGC 2024, NGC 2068 and L1622 (table 2)FieldField name (G1)obs.fieldcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintHOPS[0/320] Herschel Orion Protostar Survey (HOPS) group namemeta.idintCNumber of protostar candidates for this group (table 3)meta.numberintnullableRAJ2000[5] Field center hour of right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Field center degree of declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainObsIdAOR identification numbersmeta.id;obscharOD[300/858] Herschel Operational Daymeta.noteintSize1[5/8] Map Sizearcminphys.angSize;obs.fieldintSize2[5/8] Map Sizearcminphys.angSize;obs.fieldintJ/ApJ/767/36/refsReferencesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRefReference codemeta.notecharBibCodeBibcodemeta.bib.bibcodecharAutAuthor's name(s)meta.bib.authorcharCommCommentmeta.notecharJ/ApJ/767/36/table3Herschel protostar candidate coordinates and photometryF24[1.1/124] Spitzer/MIPS 24um flux densitymJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSource[3/313006] Source numbermeta.id;meta.mainintf_Source[b] Source free of contamination (in bold) (1)meta.codecharq_Source[1/5] Protostar reliability flag, 1=best (2)meta.code.qualintHOPS[0/313]? Group namemeta.idintnullableRAJ2000PACS 70um source hour of right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000PACS 70um source degree of declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainFieldField name (G1)obs.fieldcharl_F24[<=] Limit flag on 24ummeta.code.errore_F24[0.2/0.5]? F24 uncertaintymJystat.errorfloatnullableF70[9.7/4571] Herschel/PACS 70um flux densitymJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.30-60umfloate_F70[0.5/229] F70 uncertaintymJystat.errorfloatF160[137/51254] Herschel/PACS 160um flux densitymJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.1500-3000GHzinte_F160[10/7688] F160 uncertaintymJystat.errorint870?[Yes ] 870um detection? (3)meta.codecharTbol[23/336.1] Bolometric temperatureKphys.temperaturefloate_Tbol[0.2/15] Tbol uncertaintyKstat.errorfloatLbol[0.02/6.3] Bolometric luminositysolLumphys.luminosityfloate_Lbol[0.01/0.7] Lbol uncertaintysolLumstat.errorfloatSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJ/767/36/PBRsSpitzer, Herschel and APEX photometry of Herschel/PACS Bright Red sources (tables 4-6)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSourceSource numbermeta.id;meta.maincharHOPS[0/303]? Group namemeta.idintnullableRAJ2000PACS 70um source hour of right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000PACS 70um source degree of declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainFieldField nameobs.fieldcharl_F24[<=] Limit flag on F24meta.code.errorF24[1/422] Spitzer/MIPS 24um flux densitymJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloate_F24[0.2/42]? F24 uncertaintymJystat.errorfloatnullableF70[302/60681] Herschel/PACS 70um flux densitymJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.30-60uminte_F70F70 uncertaintymJystat.errorintF100[1977/104322] Herschel/PACS 100um flux densitymJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.60-100uminte_F100F100 uncertaintymJystat.errorintF160[5108/123207] Herschel/PACS 160um flux densitymJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.1500-3000GHzinte_F160F160 uncertaintymJystat.errorintl_log70/24[>=] Limit flag on log70/24meta.code.errorlog70/24[1.6/2.7] Log of 70um to 24um flux ratio; log{lambda}F_{lambda}_70/{lambda}F_{lambda}_24phot.flux;arith.ratiofloatF350b[2.1/14]? 350um flux density in Jy/beamJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHzfloatnullablef_F350b[c] Point from literature (1)meta.codecharF350[3.1/26]? APEX 350um aperture flux density (2)Jyphot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHzfloatnullableF350c[2.2/19]? 350um corrected flux density (3)Jyphot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHzfloatnullablel_F870b[<=] Limit flag on F870bmeta.code.errorF870b[0.5/3] 870um flux density in Jy/beamJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatl_F870[<=] Limit flag on F870meta.code.errorF870[0.9/5] APEX 870um aperture flux density (2)Jyphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatl_F870c[<=] Limit flag on F870cmeta.code.errorF870c[0.5/4] 870um corrected flux density (3)Jyphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloat4.5?[Yes No] 4.5um detection?meta.codecharInc?[Yes ] High inclination? (4)meta.codechar24?[Yes/No] 24um detection?meta.codecharNoteNote(s) on Source (5)meta.notecharRefSelected references (see refs.dat file)meta.refcharJ/ApJ/767/36/table8Orion PBRs and comparison class 0 sources: observed properties and modified blackbody fit parametersTbol[28/64] Bolometric temperatureKphys.temperaturefloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSourceSource namemeta.id;meta.maincharn_SourceAdditional note on Source (1)meta.notechare_Tbol[0/3.3] Tbol uncertaintyKstat.errorfloatLbol[0.2/31] Bolometric luminositysolLumphys.luminosityfloate_Lbol[0/2.21] Lbol uncertaintysolLumstat.errorfloatLsmm/b[0.6/11] Submillimetric to bolometric luminosity ratio (2)%phys.luminosity;arith.ratiofloatTmbb[12.7/27.2] Modified blackbody temperature (3)Kphys.temperaturefloate_Tmbb[0.3/1.1] Tmbb uncertainty (3)Kstat.errorfloatLmbb[0.1/19.5] Modified blackbody luminosity (3)solLumphys.luminosityfloate_Lmbb[0.01/1.3] Lmbb uncertainty (3)solLumstat.errorfloatMmbb[0.1/2.2] Modified blackbody mass (3) (4)solMassphys.massfloate_Mmbb[0.02/0.6] Mmbb uncertainty (3) (4)solMassstat.errorfloatlam.p[88/199] peak wavelength ({lambda}_peak_) of modified blackbody (3)umem.wl;stat.maxint