J/ApJ/736/89ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/736/89doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.17360089CDSJanson M.Bonavita M.Klahr H.Lafreniere D.Jayawardhana R.,Zinnecker H.2017-12-22T05:33:26Z2013-01-24T14:39:41ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frinfrared-photometrymultiple-starsIn this study, we present high-contrast imaging of 18 nearby massive stars of which 15 are in the B2-A0 spectral-type range and provide excellent sensitivity to wide companions. By comparing our sensitivities to model predictions of disk instability based on physical criteria for fragmentation and cooling, and using Monte Carlo simulations for orbital distributions, we find that ~85% of such companions should have been detected in our images on average. Given this high degree of completeness, stringent statistical limits can be set from the null-detection result, even with the limited sample size. We find that <30% of massive stars form and retain disk instability planets, brown dwarfs, and very low mass stars of <100M_jup_ within 300AU, at 99% confidence. These results, combined with previous findings in the literature, lead to the conclusion that core accretion is likely the dominant mode of planet formation.2011ApJ...736...89Jhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/736/89CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/239 : The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues (ESA 1997)II/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)J/A+A/352/555 : Fundamental parameters of stars (Allende Prieto+, 1999)J/AJ/126/2048 : NStars project: the Northern Sample. I. (Gray+, 2003)J/ApJS/152/251 : Indo-US library of coude feed stellar spectra (Valdes+, 2004)J/ApJ/670/1367 : Gemini Deep Planet Survey (Lafreniere+, 2007)J/A+A/506/501 : Eclipsing binaries in CoRoT-LRc01 field (Cabrera+, 2009)J/A+A/509/A52 : Search for companions with VLT/NACO (Chauvin+, 2010)J/A+A/525/A71 : Atmospheric parameters for 1273 stars (Wu+, 2011)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/736/89https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/736/89http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/736/89https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/736/89https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/736/89http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/736/89GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/736/89/table2 (Target stars properties)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/736/89/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/736/89/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/736/89/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true2.096916729.09044440.0055555555555555566/826 1704 6206 6705 9310 14906 20322 21788 23007 24480 25016 25973 27322 27574 28559 30229 30543 449031.1166583743361574e-19 1.2918781580533825e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/736/89?format=asciiInfrareddefaultJ/ApJ/736/89/table2Target stars propertiesNameTarget namemeta.idcharHIP[677/97649] HIP numbermeta.id;meta.mainintprimaryrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNcSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.numberintnullableRAJ2000Hour of right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainSpTMK spectral typesrc.spTypecharHmag[-0.03/13.11] 2MASS H-band magnitude (typical uncertainties are +/-0.2mag)magphot.mag;em.IR.HfloatDist[5.1/74.5] Distance from Hipparcos (1)pcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricfloatpmRA[-249.4/536.87] Proper motion in RAmas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatpmDE[-935.45/385.57] Proper motion in DECmas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decfloatAge[20/700] Estimated ageMyrtime.ageintE_AgePositive error on AgeMyrstat.error;stat.maxinte_AgeNegative error on AgeMyrstat.error;time.ageintMass[1.7/8.4] Mass of the primary in the case of binaries, primordial mass for white dwarfssolMassphys.massfloatE_MassPositive error on MasssolMassstat.error;stat.maxfloate_MassNegative error on MasssolMassstat.error;phys.massfloat[Fe/H][-0.44/0.4]? Metal abundance [Fe/H] (2)log(Sun)phys.abund.ZfloatnullableNobsSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.numberintnullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.refcharJ/ApJ/736/89/table4Properties of all point sourcesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintHIP[677/93805] HIP numbermeta.id;meta.mainintSeq[1/105] ID source numbermeta.id.part;meta.mainintSep[0.572/14.679] Separationarcsecpos.angDistancefloate_SepSep uncertaintyarcsecstat.errorfloatPA[0.63/359.63] Position angledegpos.posAngfloate_PAPA uncertaintydegstat.errorfloatDmag[5.1/18.76] Magnitude difference with HIPmagphot.mag;arith.difffloate_DmagDmag uncertaintymagstat.error;phot.mag;arith.difffloatf_Dmag[bc] which contrast band (1)meta.codecharEpoch[2008.65/2010.91] Epoch of observationyrtime.epochfloatS[BCU] Status of detection (C=confirmed) (2)meta.codecharJ/ApJ/736/89/table1Summary of observations (18 targets)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameTarget namemeta.idcharHIP[677/97649] HIP numbermeta.id;meta.mainintInstInstrument (IRCS, NIRC2, NIRI) (1)meta.id;instrcharFiltFilter (Br{alpha}, CH4S, H, K_c_)meta.noteDateObservation datetime.epoch;obsnullableDIT[0.5/30] Detector Integration Timestime.expofloatCoadd[1/60] Number of coadded imagesmeta.numberintNF[45/317] Frame numbermeta.numberintRot[18.2/93] Rotation angledeginstr.paramfloat