J/ApJ/719/1784ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/719/1784doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.17191784CDSNeugent K.F.Massey P.Skiff B.Drout M.R.Meynet G.Olsen K.A.G.2018-12-19T13:16:11Z2012-07-09T09:32:26ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmagellanic-cloudsgiant-starsradial-velocitystellar-spectral-typesline-intensitiesphotometryThe yellow supergiant content of nearby galaxies provides a critical test of massive star evolutionary theory. While these stars are the brightest in a galaxy, they are difficult to identify because a large number of foreground Milky Way stars have similar colors and magnitudes. We previously conducted a census of yellow supergiants within M31 and found that the evolutionary tracks predict a yellow supergiant duration an order of magnitude longer than we observed. Here we turn our attention to the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), where the metallicity is 10x lower than that of M31, which is important as metallicity strongly affects massive star evolution. The SMC's large radial velocity (~160km/s) allows us to separate members from foreground stars. Observations of ~500 candidates yielded 176 near-certain SMC supergiants, 16 possible SMC supergiants, along with 306 foreground stars, and provide good relative numbers of yellow supergiants down to 12M_{sun}_. Of the 176 near-certain SMC supergiants, the kinematics predicted by the Besancon model of the Milky Way suggest a foreground contamination of <=4%. After placing the SMC supergiants on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram (HRD) and comparing our results to the Geneva evolutionary tracks, we find results similar to those of the M31 study: while the locations of the stars on the HRD match the locations of evolutionary tracks well, the models overpredict the yellow supergiant lifetime by a factor of 10. Uncertainties about the mass-loss rates on the main sequence thus cannot be the primary problem with the models.2010ApJ...719.1784Nhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/719/1784CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/315 : UCAC3 Catalogue (Zacharias+ 2009)VII/233 : The 2MASS Extended sources (IPAC/UMass, 2003-2006)II/236 : UBVR CCD survey of the Magellanic clouds (Massey+, 2002)V/13 : Probable Members of the SMC (Azzopardi+ 1975, 1979)J/ApJ/703/441 : Yellow supergiants in M31 (Drout+, 2009)J/MNRAS/353/601 : 2dF survey of the Small Magellanic Cloud (Evans+, 2004)J/AJ/126/2867 : Red supergiants in Magellanic Clouds (Massey+, 2003)J/AJ/123/855 : Magellanic Clouds Photometric Survey: the SMC (Zaritsky+,J/A+A/337/779 : V810 Cen Geneva photometry (Kienzle+ 1998)J/A+AS/30/261 : UBV and Radial Velocities of SMC Supergiants (Ardeberg+,J/AJ/155/207 : Properties of yellow supergiant stars in the SMChttp://www.astrouw.edu.pl/asas/ : ASAS home pagehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/719/1784https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/719/1784http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/719/1784https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/719/1784https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/719/1784http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/719/1784GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/719/1784/table1 (Properties of observed targets)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/719/1784/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/719/1784/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/719/1784/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true8.6070417-73.37597220.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/719/1784/table3 (SMC supergiants not observed)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/719/1784/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/719/1784/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/719/1784/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true13.0941667-72.66419440.0055555555555555565/8323 8329 6/33287 33297 33298 33299 33304 33305 33306 33325 33328 333308.650015785639275e-20 3.852589004194616e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/719/1784?format=asciidefaultJ/ApJ/719/1784/table1Properties of observed targetsf_2MASS[a] averaged resutlt (1)meta.codecharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordint2MASS2MASS identificationmeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryAmeta.ref.urlcharRAJ2000Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainKsmag2MASS Ks band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.KfloatJ-KsThe (J-Ks) color indexmagphot.color;em.IR.J;em.IR.KfloatVmag? V band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableB-V? The (B-V) color indexmagphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.Vfloatnullabler_B-V[1/5] The Vmag and B-V photometry reference (see refs.dat file)meta.ref;phot.color;em.opt.BintHRVRadial velocitykm/sspect.dopplerVelocfloatrTondry & Davis, 1979AJ.....84.1511T, r parameterstat.fit.paramfloatCat[1/3] Category (G1)src.classintSpT1MK spectral classification from Hydra spectrasrc.spTypecharSpT2Literature MK spectral classificationsrc.spTypecharr_SpT2[11/31]? Spectral classification reference (see refs.dat file)meta.ref;pos.frameintnullableCommAdditional comments (2)meta.notecharPap2Display data from Neugent et al. (2018, J/AJ/155/207)meta.ref.urlchar2MDisplay the 2MASS data (Cat. II/246)meta.ref.urlcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJ/719/1784/table2Derived properties of SMC yellow supergiantsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordint2MASS2MASS identificationmeta.id;meta.maincharf_2MASS[a] No (B-V) color (1)meta.codecharCat[1/2] Category (G1)src.classintTeffEffective temperature1000Kphys.temperature.effectivefloatlogLLog luminositylog(solLum)phys.luminosity;em.IRfloatl_EWLimit flag on EWmeta.code.error;spect.line.eqWidthcharEWEquivalent width of OI 7774{AA} line (2)0.1nmspect.line.eqWidthfloatJ/ApJ/719/1784/table3SMC supergiants not observedrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordint2MASS2MASS name (JHHMMSSss+DDMMSSs)meta.id;meta.maincharf_2MASS[a] stars we selected but were not observedmeta.codecharRAJ2000Hour of right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainKsmag2MASS Ks-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.KfloatJ-KJ-K color indexmagphot.color;em.IR.J;em.IR.KfloatVmagV-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Vfloatr_Vmag[1-3] Reference for Vmag (see refs.dat file)meta.ref;pos.frameintSpTMK spectral type from litteraturesrc.spTypecharr_SpT[18/32] Reference for spectral classification (see refs.dat file)meta.ref;pos.frameintANameAlternative name(s)meta.idcharCommCommentmeta.notechar2MDisplay the 2MASS data (Cat. II/246)meta.ref.urlcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/ApJ/719/1784/refsReferencesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRef[1/32] Reference codemeta.noteintBibCodeBibcodemeta.bib.bibcodecharAutAuthor's name(s)meta.bib.authorcharCommCommentmeta.notechar