J/ApJ/715/1094ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/715/1094doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.17151094CDSKhan R.Stanek K.Z.Prieto J.L.Kochanek C.S.Thompson T.A.,Beacom J.F.2017-06-27T06:37:48Z2012-06-15T14:12:35ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxiesinfrared-photometrygiant-starsA new link in the causal mapping between massive stars and potentially fatal explosive transients opened with the 2008 discovery of the dust-obscured progenitors of the luminous outbursts in NGC 6946 and NGC 300. Here, we carry out a systematic mid-IR photometric search for massive, luminous, and self-obscured stars in four nearby galaxies: M33, NGC 300, M81, and NGC 6946. For detection, we use only the 3.6um and 4.5um IRAC bands, as these can still be used for multi-epoch Spitzer surveys of nearby galaxies (<~10Mpc). We combine familiar point-spread function and aperture photometry with an innovative application of image subtraction to catalog the self-obscured massive stars in these galaxies. In particular, we verify that stars analogous to the progenitors of the NGC 6946 (SN 2008S) and NGC 300 transients are truly rare in all four galaxies: their number may be as low as ~1 per galaxy at any given moment. This result empirically supports the idea that the dust-enshrouded phase is a very short lived phenomenon in the lives of many massive stars and that these objects constitute a natural extension of the asymptotic giant branch sequence. We also provide mid-IR catalogs of sources in NGC 300, M81, and NGC 6946.2010ApJ...715.1094Khttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/ApJ/715/1094CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toII/305 : SAGE LMC and SMC IRAC Source Catalog (IPAC 2009)J/ApJ/705/1364 : MIR catalog of point sources in M33 (Thompson+, 2009)J/ApJ/697/1993 : Spitzer study of AGB stars. III. (Boyer+, 2009)J/AJ/138/1003 : IR photometry of massive LMC stars (Bonanos+, 2009)J/A+A/476/1161 : Spitzer photometry of M33 (Verley+, 2007)J/ApJ/655/212 : S3MC IRAC and MIPS photometry (Bolatto+, 2007)J/ApJ/648/987 : UV through far-IR analysis of M81 (Perez-Gonzalez+, 2006)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/715/1094https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/715/1094http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/ApJ/715/1094https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/715/1094https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/715/1094http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/ApJ/715/1094GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/ApJ/715/1094/eagbs (Photometry for the extreme AGB stars in M33, NGC 300, M81, NGC 6946, LMC and SMC)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/715/1094/eagbs?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/715/1094/eagbs?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/715/1094/eagbs?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true23.5562630.552060.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/ApJ/715/1094/mircat (Mid-IR catalog for point sources in NGC 300, M81, and NGC 6946)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/715/1094/mircat?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/715/1094/mircat?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/ApJ/715/1094/mircat?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true13.85991-37.574550.0055555555555555566/2154 2155 7603 7606 15592 15593 33054 33089 33091 33094 33097 33099 33100 33102 33306 35536 355382.0616683193919197e-20 6.185923063528282e-20https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/ApJ/715/1094?format=asciiInfrareddefaultJ/ApJ/715/1094/eagbsPhotometry for the extreme AGB stars in M33, NGC 300, M81, NGC 6946, LMC and SMCrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGalGalaxy namemeta.id.parentcharRAJ2000Right ascension in decimal degrees (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination in decimal degrees (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainl_[3.6]Limit flag on [3.6]meta.code.errorchar[3.6]Spitzer/IRAC 3.6um magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloat[4.5]Spitzer/IRAC 4.5um magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatl_ColorLimit flag on Colormeta.code.error;phot.colorcharColorSpitzer/IRAC [3.6]-[4.5] color indexmagphot.color;em.IR;em.IRfloat[5.8]? Spitzer/IRAC 5.8um magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullable[8.0]? Spitzer/IRAC 8.0um magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umfloatnullableJ/ApJ/715/1094/mircatMid-IR catalog for point sources in NGC 300, M81, and NGC 6946recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGalGalaxy namemeta.id.parentcharRAJ2000Right Ascension in decimal degrees (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination in decimal degrees (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainESimbad column added by the CDSmeta.notechar[3.6]Spitzer/IRAC 3.6 micron band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloate_[3.6]The 1{sigma} uncertainty in [3.6]magstat.errorfloat[4.5]Spitzer/IRAC 4.5 micron band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloate_[4.5]The 1{sigma} uncertainty in [4.5]magstat.errorfloatColorSpitzer/IRAC [3.6]-[4.5] color indexmagphot.color;em.IR;em.IRfloat