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<ri:Resource created="2020-10-30T15:34:17Z" status="active" updated="2025-09-29T20:18:17Z" version="1.2" xmlns:cs="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/ConeSearch/v1.0" xmlns:ri="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/RegistryInterface/v1.0" xmlns:vr="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/VOResource/v1.0" xmlns:vs="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/VODataService/v1.1" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/ConeSearch/v1.0 http://vo.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/docs/schemata/ConeSearch.xsd http://www.ivoa.net/xml/VOResource/v1.0 http://vo.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/docs/schemata/VOResource.xsd http://www.ivoa.net/xml/VODataService/v1.1 http://vo.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/docs/schemata/VODataService.xsd" xsi:type="vs:CatalogService"><title>Magnitude accuracies in pre-telescopic catalogs</title><shortName>J/AN/341/827</shortName><identifier>ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AN/341/827</identifier><altIdentifier>doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.113410827</altIdentifier><curation><publisher ivo-id="ivo://CDS">CDS</publisher><creator><name>Protte P.</name></creator><creator><name>Hoffmann S.M.</name></creator><date role="Updated">2025-09-29T20:18:17Z</date><date role="Created">2020-10-30T15:34:17Z</date><contact><name>CDS support team</name><address>CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France</address><email>cds-question@unistra.fr</email></contact></curation><content><subject>catalogs</subject><subject>apparent-magnitude</subject><description>Historical star magnitudes from catalogues by Ptolemy (137 AD), al-Sufi (964) and Tycho Brahe (1602/27) are converted to the Johnson V-mag scale and compared to modern day values from the HIPPARCOS catalogue. The deviations (or "errors") are tested for dependencies on three different observational influences. The relation between historical and modern magnitudes is found to be linear in all three catalogues which yields a linear conversion of the old magnitudes to the modern scale. A slight dependency on the colour index (B-V) is shown throughout the data sets and al-Sufi's as well as Brahe's data also give fainter values for stars of lower culmination height (indicating extinction). In all three catalogues, a star's estimated magnitude is influenced by the brightness of its immediate surroundings. After correction for the three effects, the remaining variance within the magnitude errors can be considered as approximate accuracy of the pre-telescopic magnitude estimates.</description><source format="bibcode">2020AN....341..827P</source><referenceURL>https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AN/341/827</referenceURL><type>Catalog</type><contentLevel>Research</contentLevel><relationship><relationshipType>IsServedBy</relationshipType><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/TAP">TAP VizieR generic service</relatedResource></relationship><relationship><relationshipType>IsServedBy</relationshipType><relatedResource>Conesearch service</relatedResource></relationship><relationship><relationshipType>related-to</relationshipType><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/I/239">I/239 : The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues (ESA 1997)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/516/A28">J/A+A/516/A28 : Star catalogue of Tycho Brahe (1627) (Verbunt+, 2010)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/544/A31">J/A+A/544/A31 : Star catalogues of Ptolemaios, Ulugh Beg (Verbunt+, 2012)</relatedResource></relationship></content><rights>https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.html</rights><capability><interface xsi:type="vr:WebBrowser"><accessURL use="full">https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AN/341/827</accessURL><mirrorURL title="VizieR at IUCAA: Pune, India">https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AN/341/827</mirrorURL><mirrorURL title="VizieR at SAAO: SAAO, South Africa">http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AN/341/827</mirrorURL></interface></capability><capability><interface xsi:type="vs:ParamHTTP"><accessURL use="base">https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AN/341/827</accessURL><mirrorURL title="VizieR at IUCAA: Pune, India">https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AN/341/827</mirrorURL><mirrorURL title="VizieR at SAAO: SAAO, 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Should Not be used for identification.</description><ucd>meta.record</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column><column><name>HIP</name><description>Number of Star in Hipparcos catalog (Cat. I/239)</description><ucd>meta.id;meta.main</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column><column><name>NoB</name><description>Number of Star in Keplers 1627 version of Brahe catalogue (c.f. Verbunt &amp; van Gent, 2010, Cat. J/A+A/516/A28)</description><ucd>meta.id</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column><column><name>mHIP</name><description>Modern Johnson V-magnitude taken from Hipparcos catalog (Cat. I/239)</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.mag;em.opt.V</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>Culm</name><description>Culmination height above horizon for Hven at 1601 C.E.</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>meta.note</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>B-V</name><description>? Colour-index B-V taken from Hipparcos catalog (Cat. I/239)</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.V</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>Back</name><description>? Background brightness (as defined in the paper)</description><unit>mag/sr</unit><ucd>instr.background</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>InMW?</name><description>[0/1]? Is the star within +/-10{deg} of the galactic equator (1=yes/0=no)</description><ucd>meta.code</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>mB</name><description>[1-6] Numerical magnitude given by Brahe</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.mag;em.opt</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column><column><name>qual</name><description>[b/f] qualifier, added by Brahe: b(righter)/f(ainter)</description><ucd>meta.code.qual</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType" arraysize="1*">char</dataType></column><column><name>mOld</name><description>Brahe magnitude with qualifier converted to +/-0.5mag</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.mag;em.opt</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>m</name><description>Brahe magnitude converted to the modern scale by a linear transformation, m=(mOld-0.92)/0.75</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.mag;em.opt</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>d(B-V)</name><description>? Corrective term for the colour-dependency linear model (only for stars FAINTER than 2.3mag): d(B-V)=0.11*(B-V)-0.06mag</description><ucd>arith.factor</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>d(Ext)</name><description>Corrective term for the extinction-effect non-linear model (G1)</description><ucd>arith.factor</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>d(beta)</name><description>Corrective term for the Background-dependency linear model: d(beta)=-0.37*Back-0.69mag</description><ucd>arith.factor</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>m*</name><description>Final converted magnitude including all corrective terms, m*=m-d(B-V)-d(Ext)-d(beta)</description><ucd>phot.mag;em.opt</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>dm*</name><description>Corrected magnitude error dm*=m*-mHIP</description><ucd>stat.error</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>Simbad</name><description>Simbad column added by the CDS</description><ucd>meta.ref.url</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType" arraysize="*">char</dataType></column><column><name>_RA</name><description>Right Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.ra;meta.main</ucd></column><column><name>_DE</name><description>Declination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.dec;meta.main</ucd></column></table><table><name>J/AN/341/827/ptolemy</name><description>Conversion and correction data for Ptolemy magnitude</description><column><name>recno</name><description>Record number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.</description><ucd>meta.record</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column><column><name>HIP</name><description>Number of Star in Hipparcos catalog (Cat. I/239)</description><ucd>meta.id;meta.main</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column><column><name>NoP</name><description>Number of Star in the Almagest (c.f. Verbunt &amp; van Gent, 2012, Cat. J/A+A/544/A31)</description><ucd>meta.id</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column><column><name>mHIP</name><description>Modern Johnson V-magnitude taken from Hipparcos catalog (Cat. I/239)</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.mag;em.opt.V</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>Culm</name><description>Culmination height above horizon for Alexandria at 137 C.E.</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>meta.note</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>B-V</name><description>? Colour-index taken from Hipparcos catalogue (Cat. I/239)</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.V</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>Back</name><description>? Background brightness (as defined in th paper)</description><unit>mag/sr</unit><ucd>instr.background</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>InMW?</name><description>[0/1]? Is the star within +/-10{deg} of the galactic equator (1=yes/0=no)</description><ucd>meta.code</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>mP</name><description>[1-6] Numerical magnitude given by Ptolemy</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.mag;em.opt</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column><column><name>qual</name><description>[b/f] qualifier, added by Ptolemy: b(righter)/f(ainter)</description><ucd>meta.code.qual</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType" arraysize="1*">char</dataType></column><column><name>mOld</name><description>Ptolemian magnitude with qualifier converted to +/-0.5mag</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.mag;em.opt</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>m</name><description>Ptolemian magnitude converted to the modern scale by a linear transformation, m=(mOld-0.92)/0.75</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.mag;em.opt</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>d(B-V)</name><description>? Corrective term for the colour-dependency linear model (only for stars FAINTER than 2.3 mag): d(B-V)=0.11*(B-V)-0.06mag</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>arith.factor</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>d(Ext)</name><description>Corrective term for the extinction-effect non-linear model (G1)</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>arith.factor</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>d(beta)</name><description>Corrective term for the background-dependency linear model: d(beta)=-0.37*Back-0.69mag</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>arith.factor</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>m*</name><description>Final converted magnitude including all corrective terms, m*=m-d(B-V)-d(Ext)-d(beta)</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.mag;em.opt</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>dm</name><description>Magnitude error dm=m-mHIP</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>stat.error;phot.mag</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>dm*</name><description>Corrected magnitude error dm*=m*-mHIP</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>stat.error</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>Simbad</name><description>Simbad column added by the CDS</description><ucd>meta.ref.url</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType" arraysize="*">char</dataType></column><column><name>_RA</name><description>Right Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.ra;meta.main</ucd></column><column><name>_DE</name><description>Declination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.dec;meta.main</ucd></column></table><table><name>J/AN/341/827/sufi</name><description>Conversion and correction data for alSufi magnitudes</description><column><name>recno</name><description>Record number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.</description><ucd>meta.record</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column><column><name>HIP</name><description>Number of Star in Hipparcos catalog (Cat. I/239)</description><ucd>meta.id;meta.main</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column><column><name>NoS</name><description>Number of Star in Ulugh Begs catalogue (c.f. Verbunt &amp; van Gent, 2012, Cat. J/A+A/544/A31</description><ucd>meta.id</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column><column><name>mHIP</name><description>Modern Johnson V-magnitude taken from Hipparcos catalog (Cat. I/239)</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.mag;em.opt.V</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>Culm</name><description>Culmination height above horizon for Shiraz at 964 C.E.</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>meta.note</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>B-V</name><description>? Colour-index taken from Hipparcos catalog (Cat. I/239)</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.V</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>Back</name><description>? Background brightness (as defined in the paper)</description><unit>mag/sr</unit><ucd>instr.background</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>InMW?</name><description>[0/1]? Is the star within +/-10{deg} of the galactic equator (1=yes/0=no)</description><ucd>meta.code</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>mS</name><description>[1-6] Numerical magnitude given by al-Sufi</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.mag;em.opt</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column><column><name>qual</name><description>[b/f] qualifier, added by al-Sufi: b(righter)/f(ainter)</description><ucd>meta.code.qual</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType" arraysize="1*">char</dataType></column><column><name>mOld</name><description>al-Sufi magnitude with qualifier converted to +/-0.5mag</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.mag;em.opt</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>m</name><description>al-Sufi magnitude converted to the modern scale by a linear transformation, m=(mOld-0.92)/0.75</description><unit>mag</unit><ucd>phot.mag;em.opt</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>d(B-V)</name><description>? Corrective term for the colour-dependency linear model (only for stars FAINTER than 2.3 mag): d(B-V)=0.11*(B-V)-0.06 mag</description><ucd>arith.factor</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType><flag>nullable</flag></column><column><name>d(Ext)</name><description>Corrective term for the Extinction-effect non-linear model (G1)</description><ucd>arith.factor</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>d(beta)</name><description>Corrective term for the Background-dependency linear model: d(beta)=-0.37*Back-0.69mag</description><ucd>arith.factor</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>m*</name><description>Final converted magnitude including all corrective terms, m*=m-d(B-V)-d(Ext)-d(beta)</description><ucd>phot.mag;em.opt</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>dm</name><description>Magnitude error dm=m-mHIP</description><ucd>stat.error</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>dm*</name><description>Corrected magnitude error dm*=m*-mHIP</description><ucd>stat.error</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">float</dataType></column><column><name>Simbad</name><description>Simbad column added by the CDS</description><ucd>meta.ref.url</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType" arraysize="*">char</dataType></column><column><name>_RA</name><description>Right Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.ra;meta.main</ucd></column><column><name>_DE</name><description>Declination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.dec;meta.main</ucd></column></table></schema></tableset></ri:Resource>