J/AJ/170/91ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/170/91CDSHartman Z.D.van Belle G.Lepine S.Everett M.E.Medan I.2026-06-10T14:45:58Z2026-06-10T15:21:47ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmultiple-starsastrometryproper-motionsvisible-astronomytrigonometric-parallaxphotometryStellar systems consisting of three or more stars are not an uncommon occurrence in the Galaxy. Nearly 50% of solar-type wide binaries with separations >1000AU are actually higher-order multiples with one component being a close binary. Additionally, the higher-order multiplicity fraction appears to be correlated with the physical separation of the widest component. These facts have motivated some of our current theories behind how the widest stellar systems formed, which can have separations on the order of or larger than protostellar cores. However, it is unclear if the correlation between wide binary separation and higher-order multiplicity extends to low-mass binaries. We present initial results of an ongoing speckle imaging survey of nearby low-mass wide binaries. We find an overall higher-order multiplicity fraction for our sample of 42.0%+/-10.9%. If we include systems where Gaia indicates that a companion is likely present, this fraction increases to 62.0%+/-14.2%. This is consistent with previous results from both higher-mass stars and a previous result for low-mass wide binaries. However, we do not detect the expected increase in higher-order multiplicity fraction with separation, as was seen with previous studies. We briefly explore why higher-order multiplicity statistics could be different in low-mass stars, and what the significance might be for models of wide binary formation.2025AJ....170...91Hhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/170/91CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toB/wds : The Washington Visual Double Star Catalog (Mason+ 2001-)I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)I/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)I/357 : Gaia DR3 Part 3. Non-single stars (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)J/AJ/133/889 : Faint companions of Hipparcos stars (Lepine+, 2007)J/AJ/141/45 : Speckle observations of HIP stars (Horch+, 2011)J/AJ/142/19 : Speckle observations of KOI (Howell+, 2011)J/AJ/142/46 : Speckle interferometry at USNO. XVII. (Mason+, 2011)J/AJ/142/138 : All-sky catalog of bright M dwarfs (Lepine+, 2011)J/ApJS/192/2 : A Bayesian search for binaries in Hipparcos (Shaya+, 2011)J/AJ/144/102 : Catalog of wide companions to Hipparcos stars (Tokovinin+, 2012)J/AJ/143/124 : Speckle interferometry at the USNO. XVIII. (Mason+, 2012)J/MNRAS/429/859 : New companions to nearby low-mass stars (Jodar+, 2013)J/AJ/145/52 : Abundances of late K and M dwarfs in binary systems (Mann+, 2013)J/AJ/147/20 : Spectroscopy of 447 nearby M dwarfs (Newton+, 2014)J/AJ/147/86 : From binaries to multiples. I. The FG-67 sample (Tokovinin, 2014)J/AJ/147/87 : From binaries to multiples. II. Stat. data (Tokovinin, 2014)J/AJ/150/57 : SLoWPoKES-II catalog (Dhital+, 2015)J/MNRAS/472/675 : Wide binaries in Tycho-Gaia: search method (Andrews+, 2017)J/AJ/153/212 : Obs. of binary stars at the WIYN telescope (Horch+, 2017)J/ApJ/835/75 : Common proper motion stars in the Kepler field (Janes, 2017)J/AJ/153/259 : The GAMBLES extension of the SLoWPoKES catalog (Oelkers+, 2017)J/ApJ/851/26 : Teff, metallicity and Ti abundance of M dwarfs (Veyette+, 2017)J/MNRAS/480/4302 : SDSS distant sample of halo wide binaries (Coronado+, 2018)J/MNRAS/480/4884 : Gaia wide binaries (El-Badry+, 2018)J/AJ/157/78 : GaiaDR2 double & multiple star systems (Jimenez-Esteban+, 2019)J/A+A/623/A72 : Hipparcos stars binarity from Gaia pm anomaly (Kervella+, 2019)J/A+A/626/A31 : Radial velocities of nearby stars (Sperauskas+, 2019)J/AJ/157/216 : Stellar multipl. rate of M dwarfs within 25pc (Winters+, 2019)J/ApJS/247/66 : SUPERWIDE: wide binaries in Gaia & SUPERBLINK (Hartman+, 2020)J/MNRAS/492/1164 : Abundances of Gaia DR2 wide binaries (Hawkins+, 2020)J/AJ/159/139 : Multiple M dwarf stars with Robo-AO and Gaia DR2 (Lamman+, 2020)J/ApJS/246/4 : Catalog of ultrawide binary stars from Gaia DR2 (Tian+, 2020)J/ApJS/254/42 : Hipparcos-Gaia (EDR3) Catalog of Accelerations (Brandt, 2021)J/AJ/161/21 : 383 KOIs interferometry with WIYN (Colton+, 2021)J/A+A/649/A6 : Gaia Catalogue of Nearby Stars - GCNS (Gaia collaboration, 2021)J/AJ/161/295 : Obs. with Differential Speckle Surv. Instr. X. (Horch+, 2021)J/AJ/161/164 : Observation of 186 TESS stars with NESSI (WYIN) (Howell+, 2021)J/AJ/161/234 : 1.7 million K and M dwarfs cross-matching (Medan+, 2021)J/ApJ/921/118 : Abundances of Gaia EDR3 comoving pairs (Nelson+, 2021)J/ApJ/934/72 : SUPERWIDE wide binary systems with TESS & K2 (Hartman+, 2022)J/MNRAS/512/3383 : Wide binaries eccentricities with Gaia EDR3 (Hwang+, 2022)J/AJ/166/218 : New GaiaEDR3 binary candid. within 200pc of Sun (Medan+, 2023)J/AJ/165/180 : SOAR Speckle Surv, nearby hierarchical systems (Tokovinin, 2023)J/AJ/167/56 : The POKEMON Speckle Survey of nearby M dwarfs. II. (Clark+, 2024)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/170/91https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/170/91http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/170/91https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/170/91https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/170/91http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/170/91GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/170/91/table1 (Gaia information on observed wide system components)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/170/91/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/170/91/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/170/91/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true290.54270.8460.0055555555555555566/1747 2757 2768 3032 3977 3980 5359 8445 8605 8629 8922 9368 9745 9747 9816 9821 10297 10299 11333 11434-11435 11596 11814 12273 12626 12729 13448 14119 14125 14159 14451 14752 14754 14918 14924 15044 15397 15615 15742 15854-15855 15993 16077 17133 18584 18929 18931 19369 19481 20104 20151 20400 20402 20428 26192 27115 27765 27856 29348 30536 30538 30776-30777 31056 31520 31772-31773 32104-32105 44510 48861 490241.9867573869263685e-19 4.621782916333392e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/170/91?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/AJ/170/91/table1Gaia information on observed wide system componentsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintID[1/57] Binary System ID (1)meta.idintprimaryRAICRSRight ascension (ICRS at Epoch=2016.0)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEICRSDeclination (ICRS at Epoch=2016.0)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainpmRA[-365.5/283.1] Proper motion in RA, Gaia DR3mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.radoublepmDE[-253.5/223.5] Proper motion in DE, Gaia DR3mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decdoubleplx[10/49] Gaia DR3 parallaxmaspos.parallax.trigfloatSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.raindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.decindexedGmag[9.8/14.8] Gaia DR3 G-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatBP-RP[1/2.9]? Gaia DR3 BP-RP colormagphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.RfloatnullableGaiaDR3Gaia DR3 (I/355) source_ID of binary ID componentmeta.id;meta.mainDateNESSI Observation Datetime.epoch;obsnullableJ/AJ/170/91/table2Literature search results for close companionsID[1/56] Binary System IDmeta.idintprimaryrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintWDSWashington Double Star (B/wds) IDmeta.idcharGaiaDR3-1Gaia DR3 (I/355) source_ID of ID1 (GaiaID1)meta.id;meta.mainr_GaiaDR3-1Literature source 1 (Src1) (1)meta.refcharf_GaiaDR3-1[Y/N] Is ID1 a binary? (Y=yes, N=no) (BinaryID1) (2)meta.codecharGaiaDR3-2Gaia DR3 (I/355) source_ID of ID2 (GaiaID2)meta.id.assocr_GaiaDR3-2Literature source 2 (Src2) (1)meta.refcharf_GaiaDR3-2[Y/N] Is ID2 a binary? (Y=yes, N=no) (BinaryID2) (3)meta.codecharJ/AJ/170/91/table3NESSI wide binary observations and resultsID[1/57] Binary System IDmeta.idintprimaryGaiaDR3-1Gaia DR3 (I/355) source_ID of ID1 (GaiaID1)meta.id;meta.maindmag-1b[0.23/2.67]? Magnitude difference in the blue filter at 562nm (Deltam1b)magphot.mag;em.opt.B;arith.difffloatnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintPA-1b[59.3/357.8]? Position angle in the blue filter at 562nm (theta1b)degpos.posAng;em.opt.BfloatnullableSep-1b[0.08/2.7]? Separation in the blue filter at 562nm (rho1b)arcsecpos.angDistance;em.opt.Bfloatnullabledmag-1r[0.17/4.05]? Magnitude difference in the red filter at 832nm (Deltam1r)magphot.mag;em.opt.R;arith.difffloatnullablePA-1r[57.6/358]? Position angle in the red filter at 832nm (theta1r)degpos.posAng;em.opt.RfloatnullableSep-1r[0.08/2.7]? Separation in the red filter at 832nm (rho1r)arcsecpos.angDistance;em.opt.RfloatnullableGaiaDR3-2Gaia DR3 (I/355) source_ID of ID2 (GaiaID2)meta.id.assocdmag-2b[0.78/3.07]? Magnitude difference in the blue filter at 562nm (Deltam2b)magphot.mag;em.opt.B;arith.difffloatnullablePA-2b[3.4/218.9]? Position angle in the blue filter at 562nm (theta2b)degpos.posAng;em.opt.BfloatnullableSep-2b[0.17/2.01]? Separation in the blue filter at 562nm (rho2b)arcsecpos.angDistance;em.opt.Bfloatnullabledmag-2r[0.52/2.75]? Magnitude difference in the red filter at 832nm (Deltam2r)magphot.mag;em.opt.R;arith.difffloatnullablePA-2r[3.4/325]? Position angle in the red filter at 832nm (theta2r)degpos.posAng;em.opt.RfloatnullableSep-2r[0.11/2.74]? Separation in the red filter at 832nm (rho2r)arcsecpos.angDistance;em.opt.RfloatnullableTriple[Y/N] Gaia resolved triple? (Y=yes, N=no) (1)meta.codecharP-Wide[92/100] SUPERWIDE probability%statfloatSep-Wide[1059/187147] Projected physical separation (rhoWide)AUpos.angDistancedoubleJ/AJ/170/91/table4NESSI triple systems from SUPERWIDE with componentsID[3/55] Binary System IDmeta.idintprimaryrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGaiaDR3-1Gaia DR3 (I/355) source_ID of ID1 (GaiaID1)meta.id;meta.mainGaiaDR3-2Gaia DR3 (I/355) source_ID of ID2 (GaiaID2)meta.id.assocGaiaDR3-3Gaia DR3 (I/355) source_ID of ID3 (GaiaID3)meta.id.assocGaiaDR3-4? Gaia DR3 (I/355) source_ID of ID4 (GaiaID4)meta.id.assocnullableTriple[Y/N] Low-mass Triple? (Y=yes, N=no) (1)meta.codechar