J/AJ/170/228ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/170/228CDSLim B.Yun H.-S.Kim H.-J.Lee Y.Koo J.-R.Hong J.Oh H.2026-07-23T07:44:56Z2026-07-23T08:31:59ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fryoung-stellar-objectsphotometryvisible-astronomyspectroscopyinfrared-astronomyradial-velocitytrigonometric-parallaxproper-motionsopen-star-clustersstar-forming-regionsWe present a kinematic study of young stars in Messier 16 (M16) using the Gaia Data Release 3 and high-resolution spectra. A total of 345 stars are selected as genuine members using the published lists of X-ray sources, infrared sources, and early-type stars as well as the Gaia data. There is severe differential reddening across this region and the reddening law of the intracluster medium appears abnormal. The distance to M16, derived from the parallaxes of the members, is about 1.7kpc. The ages of members, estimated by comparing their color-magnitude diagram with theoretical isochrones, range from 1Myr to 4Myr. This star-forming region is composed of an open cluster (NGC6611) and a distributed population. This cluster shows a clear pattern of expansion and rotation. Some of the distributed population are spatially associated with the gas pillars located at the ridge of the HII bubble. In particular, several stars moving away from the cluster are physically associated with the northeastern pillar. In addition, their younger ages support the idea that their formation was triggered by the feedback from massive stars in NGC6611. On the other hand, the other stars do not show systematic radial or stream motions; therefore, they likely formed through spontaneous star formation events. We discuss the formation of young stars in the context of cluster expansion, spontaneous star formation, and feedback-driven star formation, and suggest that possibly all of these mechanisms contributed.2025AJ....170..228Lhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/170/228CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toB/mk : Catalogue of Stellar Spectral Classifications (Skiff, 2009-)I/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)II/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)II/293 : GLIMPSE Source Catalog (I + II + 3D) (IPAC 2008)III/274 : Galactic O-Star Spectroscopic Survey (GOSSS) (Sota+, 2014)J/AJ/106/1906 : NGC 6611: A Cluster Caught in the Act (Hillenbrand+ 1993)J/A+AS/134/525 : NGC 6611 compiled catalog (Belikov+ 1999)J/ApJ/581/1194 : Taurus-Auriga PMS stars ages and Teff (Palla+, 2002)J/AJ/128/805 : Low-mass stars in the Cepheus OB2 region (Sicilia-Aguilar+ 2004)J/A+A/462/245 : BVI photometry in NGC 6611 (Guarcello+, 2007)J/ApJ/654/347 : Chandra X-ray observations in Eagle Nebula. I. (Linsky+, 2007)J/A+A/472/835 : JHKs and GLIMPSE photometry of RCW 120 (Zavagno+, 2007)J/A+A/488/211 : Infrared photometry of NGC 1893 (Caramazza+, 2008)J/ApJ/674/336 : Spitzer observations of NGC 1333 (Gutermuth+, 2008)J/ApJ/688/1142 : Star formation in W5: Spitzer observations (Koenig+, 2008)J/MNRAS/400/1479 : RV catalogue of O-type stars in NGC 6611 (Sana+, 2009)J/ApJ/753/117 : X-ray catalog of Eagle Nebula (Guarcello+, 2012)J/ApJS/209/32 : Probable young stars in the MYStIX project (Broos+, 2013)J/ApJ/787/107 : Spatial structure of young stellar clusters. I. (Kuhn+, 2014)J/MNRAS/443/454 : UBVIH{alpha} photometry in NGC 1893 (Lim+, 2014)J/ApJS/224/4 : GOSSS III. 142 additional O-type systems (Maiz Apellaniz+, 2016)J/A+A/594/A82 : XMM sources in IC 1805 (Rauw+, 2016)J/ApJ/838/152 : Deep NIR spectrum of the Orion Bar PDR (Kaplan+, 2017)J/ApJS/230/3 : Optical & Spitzer photometry in IC 1805 (Sung+, 2017)J/A+A/618/A93 : Gaia DR2 open clusters in the Milky Way (Cantat-Gaudin+, 2018)J/ApJS/236/51 : PGCCs in lambda Orionis complex. II. Cores at 850um (Yi+, 2018)J/A+A/626/A17 : Young population in Vela-Puppis region (Cantat-Gaudin+, 2019)J/ApJ/870/32 : Kinematics in young star clusters & associations (Kuhn+, 2019)J/MNRAS/490/440 : Gaia view of Cyg OB2 & Carina OB1 associations (Lim+, 2019)J/ApJ/899/121 : 127 early type and pre-main-sequence stars in W4 (Lim+, 2020)J/AJ/162/56 : Radial velocity of 240 YSOs with MMT/Hectochelle (Lim+, 2021)J/ApJS/254/14 : Planck Cold Clumps in lambda Orionis complex. III. (Yi+, 2021)J/AJ/163/266 : IGRINS & Gaia; star formation in Monoceros OB1 & R1 (Lim+, 2022)J/AJ/166/97 : Radial velocities in W5 YSO groups (Lim+, 2023)J/A+A/670/A108 : Kinematic history of NGC 6611/M16 (Stoop+, 2023)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/170/228https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/170/228http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/170/228https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/170/228https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/170/228http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/170/228GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/170/228/table1 (List of members)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/170/228/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/170/228/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/170/228/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true274.46268194-13.848828890.0055555555555555566/29461 29463 29504 295061.9867573869263685e-19 4.621782916333392e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/170/228?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/AJ/170/228/table1List of membersrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainGaiaDR3Gaia DR3 (I/355) identifiermeta.id;meta.mainplx[0.25/0.98] Gaia DR3 zero point-corrected parallexmaspos.parallax.trigfloate_plx[0.013/0.31] Uncertainty in plxmasstat.error;pos.parallaxfloatpmRA[-0.46/1.96] Projection-corrected Gaia DR3 proper motion along RA*cos.DEmas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.rafloate_pmRA[0.014/0.33] Uncertainty in pmRAmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatpmDE[-2.23/-0.79] Projection-corrected Gaia DR3 proper motion along DEmas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decfloate_pmDE[0.011/0.28] Uncertainty in pmDEmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.decfloatHRV[-8.66/22.07]? Heliocentric radial velocity (RVHelio)km/sspect.dopplerVeloc;pos.heliocentricfloatnullableRVlsr[5.75/36.47]? Local standard of rest radial velocity (RVLSR)km/sspect.dopplerVeloc;pos.lsrfloatnullablee_RV[0.32/5.45]? Uncertainty in HRV and RVlsr (e-RVHelio)km/sstat.error;spect.dopplerVelocfloatnullableGmag[8.03/19.03] Mean Gaia DR3 G band apparent magnitudemagphot.mag;em.optdoubleBPmag[8.29/21.95] Mean Gaia DR3 blue band apparent magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.BdoubleRPmag[7.49/17.76] Mean Gaia DR3 red band apparent magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.RdoubleBP-RP[0.4/4.42] Mean Gaia DR3 blue-red colormagphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.RdoubleClassClassification flag (Flag) (1)meta.code.classcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar