J/AJ/170/172ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/170/172CDSPatel V.Hora J.L.Ashby M.L.N.Vig S.2026-10-10T20:30:31Z2026-07-08T10:22:33ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fropen-star-clustersyoung-stellar-objectsinfrared-photometryvisible-astronomytrigonometric-parallaxproper-motionsstellar-distanceThe outer Galaxy presents a distinctive environment for investigating star formation. This study develops a novel approach to identify true cluster members based on unsupervised clustering using astrometry with significant uncertainties. As a proof of concept, we analyze three outer Galactic young stellar object (YSO) clusters at different distances and densities within 65<l<265, each known to contain >100 members based on the Star Formation in Outer Galaxy (SFOG; E. Winston et al. (2020) catalog. The 618 YSO clusters in the SFOG data set were based on 2D clustering. In this contribution, we apply the Hierarchical Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (HDBSCAN*) algorithm to the precise Gaia DR3 astrometry to assign YSO cluster membership. A Monte Carlo simulation coupled with the HDBSCAN* (HDBSCAN-MC algorithm) addresses YSO astrometric uncertainties through 5D clustering. We introduce the Generation Of cLuster anD FIeld STar (GOLDFIST) simulation to enable robust membership determination, performing an unsupervised clustering analysis in higher-dimensional feature space while accommodating measurement errors. In this study, we extended our approach to distant outer galaxy YSOs and clusters with larger astrometric uncertainties. The results include the discovery of new members in the previously identified clusters. We also analyze the known stars in the clusters and confirm their membership. The derived membership probabilities are included in the provided cluster catalogs. The more accurately predicted simulation distance estimates closely agree, within uncertainty limits, with the median distance estimates derived from Gaia data, and are compared with the kinematic distances from the Wide- field Infrared Survey Explorer H ii survey.2025AJ....170..172Phttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/170/172CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)I/352 : Distances to 1.47 billion stars in Gaia EDR3 (Bailer-Jones+, 2021)II/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)II/293 : GLIMPSE Source Catalog (I + II + 3D) (IPAC 2008)II/311 : WISE All-Sky Data Release (Cutri+ 2012)II/328 : AllWISE Data Release (Cutri+ 2013)II/363 : The band-merged unWISE Catalog (Schlafly+, 2019)II/365 : The CatWISE2020 catalog (updated version 28-Jan-2021) (Marocco+, 2021)J/A+A/402/549 : UBVRIHalpha photometry of NGC 3293 (Baume+, 2003)J/A+A/564/A79 : Proper motions of open clusters from UCAC4 (Dias+, 2014)J/A+A/618/A93 : Gaia DR2 open clusters in the Milky Way (Cantat-Gaudin+, 2018)J/ApJS/245/32 : Newly identified star clusters in Gaia DR2 (Liu+, 2019)J/ApJ/880/9 : Spitzer obs. of YSOs in the SMOG field (Winston+, 2019)J/MNRAS/496/2021 : New Galactic open clusters (Ferreira+, 2020)J/A+A/637/A95 : 16 open clusters UBVI and Gaia DR2 photometry (Perren+, 2020)J/AJ/160/68 : GLIMPSE360: stellar objects phot. & classes (Winston+, 2020)J/other/RAA/21.93 : 74 new open clusters found in Gaia DR2 (He+, 2021)J/AJ/162/110 : Gaia EDR3 census of Taurus-Auriga complex (Krolikowski+, 2021)J/ApJ/928/70 : Gaia EDR3 members stars of 55 FoF groups (Coronado+, 2022)J/A+A/674/A39 : Gaia DR3. 95 extrasolar planets (Gaia Coll.+, 2023)J/A+A/673/A114 : Improving the open cluster census. II. (Hunt+, 2023)J/ApJ/954/134 : SPYGLASS. IV. Young stars from Gaia DR3 (Kerr+, 2023)J/A+A/674/A21 : KYSO - The Konkoly Optical YSO catalogue (Marton+, 2023)J/A+A/675/A67 : Cluster aggregates surrounding Pismis 5 in VMR (Qin+, 2023)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/170/172https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/170/172http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/170/172https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/170/172https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/170/172http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/170/172GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/170/172/table5 (Cluster table)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/170/172/table5?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/170/172/table5?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/170/172/table5?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true312.72581144344.6356212730.0055555555555555565/825 3858 6/3278-3279 3290 3299 3305 3308-3309 3312 3314 3320 14685 14687 15368-15370 15391-15392 15413 15436 15438 15456-15457 154608.157980699529898e-21 4.621782916333392e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/170/172?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/AJ/170/172/table5Cluster tablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintZgal[0.7/443.6]? Galactocentric Z-coordinatepcpos.cartesian.z;pos.galactocentricfloatnullableMemb[0/3] Membership flag for YSO cluster (memFlag) (3)meta.code.memberintProbMembership probabilitystat.probabilitychare_ProbUncertainty in Probstat.error;stat.probabilitycharSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableIDUnique source identifier; SMOG Field IDmeta.id.assoccharSeq[123/257] Cluster number (1)meta.id.parentintIRnameInfrared source namemeta.id.assocchar2MASS2MASS (II/246) IDmeta.id.assoccharCluster[-1/509]? Cluster designation from Winston+2020 (J/AJ/160/68) (4)meta.id.parentfloatnullableClass[1/3]? YSO classification from Winston+2020 (J/AJ/160/68) (2)meta.code.classfloatnullableRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.maine_RAJ2000? Right ascension uncertainty (J2000)masstat.error;pos.eq.rafloatnullableDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.maine_DEJ2000? Declination uncertainty (J2000)masstat.error;pos.eq.decfloatnullableJmag[6.7/18.3]? Apparent 2MASS J-band Vega magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Jfloatnullablee_Jmag[0.01/0.31]? Uncertainty in Jmagmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.JfloatnullableFJ[0.16/1186]? J-band fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.Jdoublenullablee_FJ[0.03/29.5]? Uncertainty in FJmJystat.error;phot.flux.density;em.IR.JdoublenullableHmag[5.8/17.1]? Apparent 2MASS H-band Vega magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Hfloatnullablee_Hmag[0.01/0.21]? Uncertainty in Hmagmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.HfloatnullableFH[0.3/973.4]? H-band fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.Hdoublenullablee_FH[0.05/47.6]? Uncertainty in FHmJystat.error;phot.flux.density;em.IR.HdoublenullableKsmag[5.4/15.9]? Apparent 2MASS Ks-band Vega magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloatnullablee_Ksmag[0.01/0.27]? Uncertainty in Ksmagmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.KfloatnullableFKs[0.3/860.5]? Ks-band fluxmJyphot.mag;em.IR.Kdoublenullablee_FKs[0.06/21.4]? Uncertainty in FKsmJystat.error;phot.flux.density;em.IR.Kdoublenullable3.6mag[6.6/15.5]? Apparent 3.6 micron IRAC band 1 Vega magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatnullablee_3.6mag[0.01/0.21]? Uncertainty in 3.6magmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatnullableF3.6[0.1/614.4]? IRAC band 1 fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.3-4umdoublenullablee_F3.6[0.01/24.5]? Uncertainty in F3.6mJystat.error;phot.flux.density;em.IR.3-4umdoublenullable4.5mag[5.6/14.8]? Apparent 4.5 micron IRAC band 2 Vega magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullablee_4.5mag[0.01/0.2]? Uncertainty in 4.5magmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullableF4.5[0.2/1020]? IRAC band 2 fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.4-8umdoublenullablee_F4.5[0.01/27.3]? Uncertainty in F4.5mJystat.error;phot.flux.density;em.IR.4-8umdoublenullableW3mag[1.6/10]? Apparent WISE W3 Vega magnitude from AllWISE (II/328)magphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umfloatnullablee_W3mag[0.01/0.51]? Uncertainty in W3magmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.8-15umfloatnullableW4mag[0.07/9.2]? Apparent WISE W4 Vega magnitude from All WISE (II/328)magphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloatnullablee_W4mag[0.009/0.51]? Uncertainty in W4magmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.15-30umfloatnullableDesignationGaia DR3 (I/355) designationmeta.id;meta.maincharGaiaDR3? Gaia DR3 (I/355) source identifiermeta.id.assocnullableplx[-3.17/4.53]? Gaia DR3 parallaxmaspos.parallax.trigfloatnullablee_plx[0.01/2.87]? Uncertainty in plxmasstat.error;pos.parallaxfloatnullableRPlx[-3.11/108.3]? Parallax over error (plxOverErr)masstat.error;pos.parallax;arith.ratiofloatnullablepmRA[-12.46/10.58]? Proper motion in direction of right ascensionmas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatnullablee_pmRA[0.01/2.68]? Uncertainty in pmRAmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatnullablepmDE[-16.26/9.06]? Proper motion in direction of declinationmas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decfloatnullablee_pmDE[0.01/2.98]? Uncertainty in pmDEmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.decfloatnullableRUWE[0.88/1.4]? Renormalized unit weight error from Gaia DR3stat.errorfloatnullableGmag[9.1/20.92]? Apparent Gaia G-band mean Vega magnitudemagphot.mag;em.optfloatnullablee_Gmag[0.003/0.035]? Uncertainty in Gmagmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.optfloatnullableBPmag[9.5/22.4]? Apparent G_BP_ magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Bfloatnullablee_BPmag[0.003/0.5]? Uncertainty in BPmagmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.BfloatnullableRPmag[8.5/19.8]? Apparent G_RP_ magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloatnullablee_RPmag[0.004/0.14]? Uncertainty in RPmagmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.RfloatnullableBP-RP[0.8/5.9]? Gaia BP-RP colormagphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.RfloatnullableBP-G[0.1/4.3]? Gaia BP-G colormagphot.color;em.opt.B;em.optfloatnullableG-RP[0.5/2.5]? Gaia G-RP colormagphot.color;em.opt;em.opt.RfloatnullableDist[345.7/11431]? ICRS source distancepcpos.distancedoublenullablee_Dist[269.9/6962.2]? Lower bound on Distpcstat.error;stat.min;pos.distancedoublenullableE_Dist[579/13968]? Upper bound on Distpcstat.error;stat.max;pos.distancedoublenullableXgal[-14967/-7844]? Galactocentric X-coordinatepcpos.cartesian.x;pos.galactocentricdoublenullableYgal[234.6/11391]? Galactocentric Y-coordinatepcpos.cartesian.y;pos.galactocentricdoublenullable