J/AJ/170/158ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/170/158doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/be-5a-4yCDSZhang Y.Bu Y.Zhang J.Wang KeWu H.Zhang M.Li S.Sun J.,Kong X.Yi Z.Liu M.2026-07-03T09:11:32Z2026-07-02T09:00:01ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frhorizontal-branch-starsspectroscopyphotometryvisible-astronomyastronomical-modelsBlue horizontal-branch (BHB) stars are ideal tracers for studying the kinematics and structural properties of the Milky Way. With massive spectral data provided by the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST), we aim to identify more potential BHB stars using machine learning methods. In this study, we propose BHBNet, an advanced two-stage deep learning model integrating multiple techniques. By implementing Bayesian inference, it not only provides classification results but also quantifies uncertainty. In stage 1, a six-class classification model was constructed to initially identify BHB candidates, achieving a precision of 95.43% on the test set. In stage 2, a binary classification model constructed through the transfer learning method was employed to further refine the candidates, achieving a precision of 98.36% on the test set. Subsequently, by performing a two-stage search in LAMOST low-resolution survey DR10, we identified 6792 candidates. Nevertheless, since the completeness of this search result has not been assessed, these samples may not be adequate for statistical studies of the BHB population. We analyzed candidate properties including color, absolute magnitude, and spatial distribution, while estimating their atmospheric parameters. Eventually, by fitting Balmer line profiles, we identified 1605 new BHB stars compared to the previous studies by X.-X. Xue et al. and J. J. Vickers et al. Our study emphasizes the potential and effectiveness of using machine learning methods in identifying and analyzing BHB stars.2025AJ....170..158Zhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/170/158CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)V/162 : LAMOST DR11 catalogs (Luo+, 2026)II/306 : The SDSS Photometric Catalog, Release 8 (Adelman-McCarthy+, 2011)II/358 : SkyMapper Southern Sky Survey. DR1.1 (Wolf+, 2018)II/371 : The Dark Energy Survey (DES): Data Release 2 (Abbott+, 2021)III/286 : APOGEE-2 DR17 final allStar catalog (Abdurro'uf+, 2022)J/AJ/103/267 : Spectroscopy of hot stars in galactic halo (Beers+ 1992)J/AJ/127/899 : Blue HB stars in SDSS (Sirko+, 2004)J/ApJ/684/1143 : BHB candidates in the Milky Way (Xue+, 2008)J/A+A/522/A88 : Photometric identification of BHB stars (Smith+, 2010)J/ApJ/731/119 : BHB candidates in Sagittarius stream (Ruhland+, 2011)J/ApJ/738/79 : SDSS-DR8 BHB stars in the Milky Way's halo (Xue+, 2011)J/ApJ/750/99 : The Pan-STARRS1 photometric system (Tonry+, 2012)J/A+A/600/A50 : Catalog of hot subdwarf stars (Geier+, 2017)J/MNRAS/488/2892 : Gaia DR2 extremely low-mass WD candidates (Pelisoli+, 2019)J/ApJ/886/154 : Sgr stream K- & M-giants and BHB stars (Yang+, 2019)J/A+A/654/A107 : Catalogues of Blue Horizontal Branch Stars (Culpan+, 2021)J/ApJS/256/28 : Hot subdwarf stars with Gaia DR2 & LAMOST DR7 data (Luo+, 2021)J/ApJS/256/14 : RVs from LAMOST MRS DR7 stellar spectra (Zhang+, 2021)J/ApJS/259/5 : Hot subdwarf candidates from LAMOST DR7 (Tan+, 2022)J/A+A/662/A66 : Hot stars from LAMOST DR6 (Xiang+, 2022)J/ApJS/276/53 : White dwarfs from machine learning (Zhang+, 2025)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/170/158https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/170/158http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/170/158https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/170/158https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/170/158http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/170/158GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/170/158/table6 (The Blue horizontal-branch (BHB) catalog)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/170/158/table6?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/170/158/table6?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/170/158/table6?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true203.4180741.532808890.0055555555555555564/1402-1403 1489 1491 1494 1497 1521 5/288 333-335 340-341 343-344 346 353 355-358 361-363 368 422-423 428 430 473 732 752 772 777 810-811 896 1550 1708 3547-3548 3568 3689 3691 3698 5433 5435 5439 5449 5482 5523 5525 5532-5534 5552-5553 5556 5559 5565 5570 5578 5600 5602-5603 5626-5627 5631 5893 5895 5904 5936 5938-5939 5941 5945 5947-5948 5950 5952-5953 5955 5961 5963 5968 5970 5985 5987 5996-5997 5999-6000 6002-6003 6008 6010-6011 6014 6029 6033 6035 6046 6092-6093 6096-6097 6099 6116-6117 6119 6125 6133 6479 6616 7625 6/3 7 27 142 155 179 182 210 233 235 261 269 283 337 358 360 370 374 383 388 395 418 441 453 459 463 466-467 470-471 475 477 479 491 504 511 534 550 580 611 679 691 711 719-720 730 753 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24561 24563-24564 24567 24569-24571 24573-24575 25445 25461 25471 25535 25555 25570 25578 25582-25583 25591 25801-25802 25813 25824-25825 25827-25828 25830 25848 25852-25853 25855 25874 25882-25883 25892 25895 25903 25913-25914 25921 25923 25927 25938 25944 25948 25952 25955 25974 25979-25980 25987 25991 25994 26005-26007 26009 26015 26020-26021 26030-26031 26035 26047 26052 26058 26071 26092-26093 26104-26105 26108 26138 26156 26166 26170-26171 26195 26203 26207 26212 26215 26224 26226 26252 26258 26267 26278 26280 26284 26287 26289-26292 26297 26315-26316 26322 26324 26328 26339 26360 26376-26377 26383 26394 26399 26418 26420 26424 26435 26439 26441 26444 26449-26450 26452-26454 26469 26474 26476 26481 26487 26497 26524-26525 26536 26543 26546 26549 26552 26560 26565 26567 26572 26577 26580 26583 26586-26587 26598-26599 26602-26603 26609 26614-26615 26617-26618 26620 26623 26845-26846 26859 26903-26904 26918 26928 26948 26952 26965-26966 26969 26971 26974 26977 26986 27011 27015 27025 27028 27039 27041 27062 27065 27075-27076 27089-27090 27095 27110 27120-27121 27126 27130 27135 27156 27175 27197 27199 27213 27223 27226-27227 27255 27276 27281 27284 27303 27403 27422 27424 27436 27441 27449 27468 27473 27479 27482 27491 27493 27502 27507 27538 27553 27557 27579 27585 27597 27601-27602 27609 27629 27633 27636 27639-27640 27652-27653 27655 27660 27671 27676-27677 27679-27680 27690 27699 27729 27738 27748 27750 27757 27759 27763 27768 27771 27778 27783 27792 27810 27816 27819 27821 27823 27828 27846 27870 27889 27891 27898 27906 27915 27932 27936 27939 27944 27960-27961 27966-27967 27973 27975 27977 27981 27983 27985-27986 27988 27991-27992 27997 28001 28003 28005 28011-28012 28024 28027 28030 28033 28035-28037 28040 28042 28045 28082 28086 28090 28100 28114 28117-28118 28126 28139 28145 28154-28155 28159-28160 28163 28168 28179 28190 28193 28195-28196 28201 28208 28210-28211 28217 28227 28234 28245 28254 28256 28261 28263-28264 28281 28284 28298 28314 28316-28317 28325 28329 28335 28356 28371 28376 28384 28389 28394 28399 28403 28405 28413 28421 28423 28433-28434 28438 28440 28442 28445-28446 28452 28469 28473 28477 28479 28483-28485 28490 28492 28494 28501 28508 28510 28514 28516-28518 28520 28522-28523 28533 28535-28536 28542 28553-28554 28560 28564 28575 28578 28581 28584 28590-28591 28594-28595 28602 28623 28633 28649 28651 28665 29950 30122 30173-30174 30196-30197 30205 30288 30293-30294 30325 30383 30439-30440 30467 30474 30477-30479 30585-30586 30590-30591 30661 30672 30675 30677-30679 30681 30684 30924 30951 30954 30958-30959 30961 30970 31036 31068-31069 31075-31076 31079 31083 31096 31100 31125-31126 31133 31135 31146-31147 31155-31157 31162 31168 31170-31171 31177 31180 31182 31184 31202 31206 31223 31295-31296 31299-31300 31312 31314 31319-31320 31338 31340 31343 31346 31354 31357-31359 31374 31383 31400 31404 31407-31409 31425 31427-31429 31432 31435 31443 31445-31447 31449 31453 31458 31460 31462 31465-31467 31471-31472 31476 31480 31488 31490 31496 31498 31503 31505 31510 31513 31515 31528 31531-31532 31535-31536 31538-31540 31542 31547 31549-31550 31561-31562 31583 31593-31594 31596 31598 31616 31618 31620 31624-31626 31628 31631 31635 31637 31643 31649-31650 31660-31661 31665 31670-31671 31673 31682 31686 31689 31691 31701 31703 31708 31712 31720 31725 31739 31742 31764-31765 31767-31768 31772 31787 31803 31808 31811 31813 31816 31822 31843 31845 31852 31855-31858 31862-31863 31876 31889 31893 31895 31900 31903 31910 31913-31915 31918 31921-31922 31932 31936 31940 31945 31952 31957-31958 31960-31961 31976 31983 31988 31999 32046 32058 32129-32130 32134-32136 32144 32147 32166-32167 32172 32175 32186 32189 32212 32231 32234 32259 32265 32269-32270 32280 32282 32285 32287 32290 32292 32294-32296 32299 32303 32310 32312 32324 32329 32331 32334 32351-32352 32358 32365 32369 32372-32374 32383-32384 32391 32401 32408-32410 32414 32436 32441 32458 32472 32475 32492 32494 32497 32500 32511 32513 32521 32544 32547-32549 32551 32561 32571-32572 32578 32594 32610 32640 32649 32659 32667 32671 32690 32692 32709 32712 32721 32723 32729 32734 32743 32763 32767 36817 36828 36853 36858-36859 40921 40944 40946 40956 45019 45035 45044 45047 45049 45051 48999 49017 49110-491111.9867573869263685e-19 3.916500758235022e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/170/158?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/AJ/170/158/table6The Blue horizontal-branch (BHB) catalogrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintDR11Link to LAMOST DR11 (V/162) catalog datameta.ref.urlcharDR10Display the LAMOST DR10 spectrummeta.ref.urlcharObsIDLAMOST-LRS DR10 (V/162) unique spectrum identifiermeta.iduIDLAMOST DR10 (V/162) unique source identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000Right Ascension in decimal degrees (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination in decimal degrees (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainSNR[10/740] LAMOST DR10 g-band Signal-to-Noisestat.snrfloatGaiaDR3? Gaia DR3 (I/355) unique source identifiermeta.id.crossnullableplx[-4.66/6.19]? Gaia DR3 parallaxmaspos.parallax.trigfloatnullableRPlx[-5.51/181.6]? Gaia DR3 parallax\_over\_error value (plxErr)stat.snr;pos.parallax.trigfloatnullableGmag[6.2/20.8]? Apparent Gaia DR3 G-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableBP-RP[-0.11/2.62]? Gaia DR3 Blue-Reb colormagphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.RfloatnullableGMag[-1.76/10.14]? Absolute Gaia DR3 G-band magnitudemagphys.magAbs;em.opt.VfloatnullableDist[0.16/10.24]? Distance from Gaia DR3 parallax (Dis)kpcpos.distancefloatnullableRgc[1.03/16.61]? Galactocentric distance (R)kpcpos.distance;pos.galactocentricfloatnullableZgc[-9.16/8.94]? Vertical distance to Galactic disk middle (Z)kpcpos.distance;pos.cartesian.z;pos.galactocentricfloatnullableTeff[7005/35267] Effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintlogg[-1.73/5.64] Log surface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloat[Fe/H][-9.0/1.4] Metallicityphys.abund.ZfloatSourceSource information (1)meta.refchar