J/AJ/170/154ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/170/154CDSCadieux C.L'Heureux A.Piaulet-Ghorayeb C.Doyon R.Artigau E.,Cook N.J.Coulombe L.-P.Roy P.-A.Lafreniere D.Lamontagne P.,Radica M.Benneke B.Ahrer E.-M.Weisserman D.Cloutier R.2026-10-03T20:27:48Z2026-07-01T13:14:10ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frexoplanetsradial-velocityphotometryvisible-astronomyspectroscopyThe L 98-59 system, identified by TESS in 2019, features three transiting exoplanets in compact orbits of 2.253, 3.691, and 7.451days around an M3V star, with an outer 12.83day nontransiting planet confirmed in 2021 using ESPRESSO. The planets exhibit a diverse range of sizes (0.8-1.6R_{Earth}_), masses (0.5-3M_{Earth}_), and likely compositions (Earth-like to possibly water-rich), prompting atmospheric characterization studies with Hubble Space Telescope and JWST. Here, we analyze 16 new TESS sectors and improve radial velocity (RV) precision of archival ESPRESSO and HARPS data using a line-by-line framework, enabling stellar activity detrending via a novel differential temperature indicator. We refine the radii of L 98-59 b, c, and d to 0.837+/-0.019R_{Earth}_, 1.329+/-0.029R_{Earth}_, and 1.627+/-0.041R_{Earth}_, respectively. Combining RVs with transit timing variations (TTVs) of L 98-59 c and d from TESS and JWST provides unprecedented constraints on the masses and eccentricities of the planets. We report updated masses of 0.46+/-0.11M_{Earth}_ for b, 2.00+/-0.13M_{Earth}_ for c, and 1.64+/-0.07M_{Earth}_ for d, and a minimum mass of 2.82+/-0.19M_{Earth}_ for e. We additionally confirm L 98-59 f, a nontransiting super-Earth with a minimal mass of 2.80+/-0.30M_{Earth}_ on a 23.06day orbit inside the Habitable Zone. The TTVs of L 98-59 c and d (<3min, PTTV=396days) constrain the eccentricities of all planets to near-circular orbits (e<=0.04). An internal structure analysis of the transiting planets reveals increasing water-mass fractions (f_H2O_) with orbital distance, reaching f_H2O_~0.16 for L 98-59 d. We predict eccentricity-induced tidal heating in L 98-59 b with heat fluxes comparable to those of Io, potentially driving volcanic activity.2025AJ....170..154Chttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/170/154CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic servicerelated-toI/322A : UCAC4 Catalogue (Zacharias+, 2012)II/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)J/ApJ/715/1050 : Predicted abundances for extrasolar planets. I. (Bond+, 2010)J/ApJS/200/15 : HARPS-TERRA project. I. (Anglada-Escude+, 2012)J/ApJ/771/L45 : 3D global climate models for exopl. around M-star (Yang+, 2013)J/ApJ/804/64 : Empirical and model parameters of 183 M dwarfs (Mann+, 2015)J/A+A/605/L11 : YZ Ceti radial velocity curve (Astudillo-Defru+, 2017)J/AJ/154/109 : California-Kepler Surv (CKS). III. Planet radii (Fulton+, 2017)J/AJ/156/82 : RV characterization of TESS planets (Cloutier+, 2018)J/A+A/629/A111 : L 98-59 (TOI 175) HARPS observations (Cloutier+, 2019)J/ApJ/871/63 : How to constrain your M dwarf. II. Nearby binaries (Mann+, 2019)J/A+A/627/A49 : Teegarden's Star RV and H{alpha} curves (Zechmeister+, 2019)J/AJ/159/211 : Exoplanets parameters from Kepler and K2 (Cloutier+, 2020)J/A+A/642/A121 : LHS1140 radial velocity data (Lillo-Box+, 2020)J/MNRAS/491/5287 : Exoplanet evaporation in multitransiting syst. (Owen+, 2020)J/A+A/653/A41 : L 98-59 (TOI-175) ESPRESSO observations (Demangeon+, 2021)J/A+A/666/A196 : Proxima telluric-corrected ESPRESSO RV (Allart+, 2022)J/AJ/164/96 : SPIRou and IRD radial velocity of TOI-1452 (Cadieux+, 2022)J/MNRAS/517/5050 : K2-18 HARPS time-series (Radica+, 2022)J/AJ/165/167 : HARPS-N radial velocities of TOI-1695 (Cherubim+, 2023)J/AJ/165/168 : Terrestrial planets in the Venus zone (Ostberg+, 2023)J/A+A/670/A5 : GJ1022 radial velocity & FWHM data (Suarez Mascareno+, 2023)J/AJ/168/252 : SPIRou & HARPS obs. template star parameters (Artigau+, 2024)J/A+A/690/A79 : Barnard's star RV curves (Gonzalez Hernandez+, 2024)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/170/154https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/170/154http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/170/154https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/170/154https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/170/154http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/170/154GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapOpticaldefaultJ/AJ/170/154/tablea1Transit timing of L 98-59 c and d from TESSrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintEpoch-c[-4/651] Transit epoch number for Planet c, since the reference epoch, T0meta.numberintBJD-c[2458356/2460774] Barycentric Julian Date of mid-transit, Planet cdtime.epochdoublee_BJD-c[6e-4/2e-3] Uncertainty in BJD-cdstat.error;time.epochdoubleEpoch-d[-1/323]? Transit epoch number for Planet d, since the reference epoch, T0meta.numberintnullableBJD-d? Barycentric Julian Date of mid-transit, Planet ddtime.epochdoublenullablee_BJD-d[1e-3/1.8e-3]? Uncertainty in BJD-ddstat.error;time.epochdoublenullableJ/AJ/170/154/tableb1Radial velocity and dTemp measurements of L 98-59 with HARPS and ESPRESSOe_dTemp[0.04/0.46] Uncertainty in dTempKstat.errorfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintJD[58408/58931] Reduced Barycentric Julian date, BJD-2,400,000.0dtime.epochdoubleRVel[-5907/-5784] Radial velocitym/sspect.dopplerVelocdoublee_RVel[0.18/2.46] Uncertainty in RVelm/sstat.error;spect.dopplerVelocfloatdTemp[-0.9/2.1] Differential temperature indicator from LBLKphys.temperaturefloatInstInstrument used (1)instr.setupchar