J/AJ/169/27ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/169/27doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/be-59-vCDSHoward W.S.MacGregor M.A.Feinstein A.D.Vega L.D.Cody A.M.,Turner N.J.Scott V.J.Burt J.A.Venuti L.2026-07-02T11:52:03Z2025-11-07T10:47:16ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frstellar-flaresultraviolet-photometryinfrared-photometryvisible-astronomydwarf-starsm-starsUltraviolet flare emission can drive photochemistry in exoplanet atmospheres and even serve as the primary source of uncertainty in atmospheric retrievals. Additionally, flare energy budgets are not well understood due to a paucity of simultaneous observations. We present new near-UV (NUV) and optical observations of flares from three M dwarfs obtained at 20s cadence with Swift and the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), along with a reanalysis of flares from two M dwarfs in order to explore the energy budget and timing of flares at NUV-optical wavelengths. We find a 9000K blackbody underestimates the NUV flux by >=2x for 54+/-14% of flares and 14.8x for one flare. We report time lags between the bands of 0.5-6.6min and develop a method to predict the qualitative flare shape and time lag to 36%+/-30% accuracy. The scatter present in optical-NUV relations is reduced by a factor of 2.0+/-0.6 when comparing the total NUV energy with the TESS energy during the FWHM duration due to the exclusion of the Teff ~5000K tail. We show the NUV light curve can be used to remove flares from the optical light curve and consistently detect planets with 20% smaller transits than is possible without flare detrending. Finally, we demonstrate a 10x increase in the literature number of multiwavelength flares with the Early eVolution Explorer (EVE), an astrophysics Small Explorer concept to observe young clusters with simultaneous NUV and optical bands in order to detect young planets, assess their photochemical radiation environments, and observe accretion.2025AJ....169...27Hhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/169/27CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/347 : Distances to 1.33 billion stars in Gaia DR2 (Bailer-Jones+, 2018)I/355 : Gaia DR3 (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)J/A+A/474/293 : Radial velocities of GJ 674 (Bonfils+, 2007)J/AJ/134/2340 : Membership of Praesepe & Coma Berenices clusters (Kraus+, 2007)J/AJ/135/785 : SDSS-DR5 low-mass star spectroscopic sample (West+, 2008)J/ApJS/207/15 : M dwarf flare spectra (Kowalski+, 2013)J/ApJS/209/5 : Superflares of Kepler stars. I. (Shibayama+, 2013)J/ApJ/812/3 : MEarth mid-to-late M dwarfs rotation & kinematics (West+, 2015)J/A+A/599/A23 : Accretion-rotation connection in NGC 2264 (Venuti+, 2017)J/ApJ/849/36 : Flaring activity of M dwarfs in the Kepler field (Yang+, 2017)J/AJ/155/196 : Analysis of K2 LCs for memb. of USco & {rho} Oph (Rebull+, 2018)J/ApJ/881/9 : EvryFlare. I. Cool stars flares in southern sky (Howard+, 2019)J/AJ/158/122 : Local structure & star formation history of MW (Kounkel+, 2019)J/A+A/640/A112 : TRAPPIST-1 transit timings (Ducrot+, 2020)J/AJ/159/60 : 8695 flares from 1228 stars in TESS sect. 1 & 2 (Gunther+, 2020)J/ApJ/902/115 : EvryFlare. III. Superflares: Evryscope & TESS (Howard+, 2020)J/AJ/160/279 : Untangling the Gal. II. Structure within 3kpc (Kounkel+, 2020)J/A+A/638/A20 : M dwarfs X-ray activity & rotation relations (Magaudda+, 2020)J/ApJ/905/107 : Spectroscopic activity indicators of TIC stars (Medina+, 2020)J/AJ/159/166 : Membership & propert. of moving groups with Gaia (Ujjwal+, 2020)J/AJ/162/197 : Photometry, rotation & Li in open cluster NCG2516 (Bouma+, 2021)J/A+A/645/A42 : Flares in 5 open clusters (Ilin+, 2021)J/AJ/161/171 : THYME. V. Discov. a new stellar association (Tofflemire+, 2021)J/AJ/164/110 : HST/COS far-UV spect.:AU Microscopii flares (Feinstein+, 2022)J/ApJ/926/204 : TESS monitoring campaign: low-mass flare stars (Howard+, 2022)J/AJ/163/24 : Stellar populations in the Sco-Cen complex (Luhman, 2022)J/AJ/163/156 : THYME. VI. TOI-1227 radial velocity (Mann+, 2022)J/ApJ/939/94 : New associations in Gaia DR3 solar neighborhood (Moranta+, 2022)J/AJ/164/17 : GJ 1243 flares properties with Kepler and TESS (Mendoza+, 2022)J/A+A/678/A71 : Cluster ages in Sco-Cen (Ratzenboeck+, 2023)J/ApJ/951/33 : X-ray-Opt. flare monitoring obs. of AU MIC. I. (Tristan+, 2023)J/A+A/669/A15 : TESS flare events and physical parameters (Yang+, 2023)J/ApJS/272/30 : Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO): 164 targets (Harada+, 2024)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/169/27https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/169/27http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/169/27https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/169/27https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/169/27http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/169/27GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/169/27/sample (Times, time lag, and energy budgets of flares observed with Swift and TESS (Tables 2 & 3))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/169/27/sample?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/169/27/sample?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/169/27/sample?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true262.16644-46.89519110.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/AJ/169/27/table4 (Flare yields for candidate young cluster pointings)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/169/27/table4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/169/27/table4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/169/27/table4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true245.39-23.830.0055555555555555566/463 1215 1326 1347 1541-1542 1553 1854 3111 3275 3290 3322 3604 14011 14058 14174 14182 14243 14307 14472 14502 14571 14604 14689 14802 14872 14926 15226 15431-15432 15561 15689 15693 20752 20873 20924 21261 21436 21555 21656 22034 22057 22884 23377 23623 23728 23763 23807 24127 24345 28711 29103 29159 29297 29490 30215 30255 30559 30603 31780 32021 37072 37148 37224 37231 37235 37333 37346 37593 37630 37679 37686 37790 37814 37939 37957 38051 38130 38539 38627 39179 39183 39218 39251 39296 39310 39314 39354 39479 39492 39543 39588 39646 39697 39776 39919 40471 40610 41314 41351 41557 41577 41638 41846 42127 42153 42268 42421 42424 42989 43067 44311 44400 47826https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/169/27?format=asciiUVOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/AJ/169/27/sampleTimes, time lag, and energy budgets of flares observed with Swift and TESS (Tables 2 & 3)SimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableIDStar identifiermeta.id.parentcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintFlareFlare number, F#meta.id;meta.maincharsigNUV[11.6/412] NUV detection significancestat.fit.goodnessfloatsigTESS[3.6/41] TESS detection significancestat.fit.goodnessfloatTstartNUV[59189/60118] NUV start time (1)dtime.startdoubleTcntrdNUV[59189/60118] NUV centroid time (1)dtime.epochdoubleTstopNUV[59189/60118] NUV end time (1)dtime.enddoubleTstartTESS[59189/60118] TESS start time (1)dtime.startdoubleTcntrdTESS[59189/60118] TESS centroid time (1)dtime.epochdoubleTstopTESS[59189/60118] TESS end time (1)dtime.enddoubleTlag[0.5/6.6] Observed time lag, NUV and TESS peaksmintime.interval;em.opt;em.UV.200-300nmfloatL-G2G1[-0.12/2.16] Degree (log-likelihood ratio) that a two-Gaussian fit to the NUV peak is preferredstat.likelihoodfloatEnuv[1.7/63.4] Total energy measured in the NUV, 1e30erg1e+23Jphys.energy;em.UV.200-300nmfloate_Enuv[0.1/1.7] Uncertainty in Enuv1e+23Jstat.error;phys.energy;em.UV.200-300nmfloatEfuv[0.8/30] Total energy estimated in the FUV, 1e30erg (1)1e+23Jphys.energy;em.UV.100-200nmfloate_Efuv[0.5/14] Uncertainty in Efuv1e+23Jstat.error;phys.energy;em.UV.100-200nmfloatEtot-T[0.7/120] Total energy measured in the TESS band, 1e30erg1e+23Jphys.energy;em.optfloate_Etot-T[0.2/1.2] Uncertainty in Etot-T1e+23Jstat.error;phys.energy;em.optfloatEfwhm-T[3.4/218] Peak energy during FWHM of TESS band light curve1e+23Jphys.energy;em.optfloate_Efwhm-T[0.5/2.2] Uncertainty in Efwhm-T1e+23Jstat.error;phys.energy;em.optfloatTeff[9100/24300] Effective temperature of flareKphys.temperature.effectiveintECF[1.1/14.8] Empirical correction factor (2)arith.factor;phot.fluxfloat_RAPosition of the star (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPosition of the star (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/AJ/169/27/table4Flare yields for candidate young cluster pointingsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintPointing[13/822] Candidate pointing identifier from Theia catalog group number (J/AJ/158/122)meta.id;meta.mainintField[1/3] Subfield designation within Groupobs.fieldintRAJ2000[33.8/358] Field center right ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[-74.6/64.4] Field center declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharAge[7/400] AgeMyrtime.ageintnKdwarf[3/1077] Number of K dwarfsmeta.number;src.spTypeintnMdwarf[7/3308] Number of M dwarfsmeta.number;src.spTypeintyieldTESS[6.5/1413] TESS-band flare yield per 30days stare timemeta.numberfloatyieldNUV[0.4/105] NUV flare yield per 30days stare timemeta.numberfloat