J/AJ/169/263ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/169/263doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/be-59-87CDSLomeli-Nunez L.Cortesi A.Smith Castelli A.V.Buzzo M.L.Mayya Y.D.,Fragkou V.Alzate-Trujillo J.A.Haack R.F.Calderon J.P.Lopes A.R.,Hilker M.Grossi M.Menendez-Delmestre K.Goncalves T.S.,Chies-Santos A.L.Gutierrez-Soto L.A.Lima-Dias C.Werner S.V.,Humire P.K.Thom de Souza R.C.Alvarez-Candal A.Panda S.,Chaturvedi A.Telles E.Mendes de Oliveira C.Kanaan A.Ribeiro T.,Schoenell W.2026-07-02T11:52:01Z2026-01-26T09:29:00ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frglobular-star-clustersgalaxy-clustersphotometryvisible-astronomytwo-color-diagramsWe present the largest sample (~13,000 candidates, ~3000 of which are bona fide candidates) of globular cluster (GCs) candidates reported in the Fornax cluster so far. The survey is centered on the NGC 1399 galaxy, extending out to 5 virial radii (Rvir) of the cluster. We carried out a photometric study using images observed in the 12-band system of the Southern Photometric Local Universe Survey (S-PLUS), corresponding to 106 pointings, covering a sky area of ~208 square degrees. Studying the properties of spectroscopically confirmed GCs, we have designed a method to select GC candidates using structural and photometric parameters. We found evidence of color bimodality in two broadband colors, namely (g-i)_0_ and (g-z)_0_, while, in the narrow bands, we did not find strong statistical evidence to confirm bimodality in any color. We analyzed the GCs luminosity functions (GCLF) in the 12 bands of S-PLUS, and we can highlight two points: (a) due to the relatively shallow depth of S-PLUS, it is only possible to observe the bright end of the GCLF and, (b) at that level, in all of the bands, it can be considered to be the log-normal distribution typical for GC systems. With the spatial coverage reached in this study, we are able, for the first time, to explore the large-scale distribution of GCs within and around a galaxy cluster. In particular, we noted that the GCs might be clustered along substructures, which trace the current cluster buildup.2025AJ....169..263Lhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/169/263CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)II/380 : S-PLUS DR4 photometrical catalog (Herpich+, 2024)VII/202 : Globular Clusters in the Milky Way (Harris, 1997)J/A+AS/133/325 : Velocities of 12 Fornax elliptical galaxies (Graham+ 1998)J/PASP/110/863 : A Stellar Spectral Flux Library: 1150 - 25000 A (Pickles 1998)J/A+A/404/223 : 2MASS IR star clusters in the Galaxy (Bica+, 2003)J/ApJS/153/223 : ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. I. (Cote+, 2004)J/MNRAS/367/156 : C-T1 photometry in NGC 1374, 1379 and 1387 (Bassino+, 2006)J/A+A/464/L21 : Velocities of globular clusters in Fornax (Bergond+, 2007)J/ApJS/169/213 : ACS Fornax Cluster Survey. I. (Jordan+, 2007)J/ApJS/171/101 : Globular clusters in ACS Virgo clust. surv. (Jordan+, 2007)J/AJ/135/1567 : Bright star clusters in M51 (Hwang+, 2008)J/ApJ/679/404 : Star clusters in M82 (Mayya+, 2008)J/ApJ/681/197 : ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. XV (Peng+, 2008)J/A+A/477/L9 : Globular clusters around NGC 1399 (Schuberth+, 2008)J/MNRAS/402/803 : M31 globular cluster system (Peacock+, 2010)J/A+A/513/A52 : Velocities of NGC 1399 globular clusters (Schuberth+, 2010)J/MNRAS/417/1823 : Sombrero galaxy globular clusters (Alves-Brito+, 2011)J/MNRAS/417/L6 : Cat. of stellar cluster properties in M83 (Bastian+, 2011)J/ApJ/746/88 : HST observations of GCs in NGC 1399 (Blakeslee+, 2012)J/ApJ/772/82 : A catalog of globular cluster systems (Harris+, 2013)J/ApJ/763/40 : UBVI phot. of GCs in the Fornax galaxy cluster (Kim+, 2013)J/MNRAS/428/389 : SLUGGS globular clust. in early-type galaxies (Pota+, 2013)J/ApJS/221/13 : ACS Fornax Cluster Survey. XI. GC candidates (Jordan+, 2015)J/ApJ/813/L15 : Dwarf galaxies in Fornax cluster from NGFS (Munoz+, 2015)J/ApJ/805/160 : Old star clusters in M101 from HST (Simanton+, 2015)J/ApJ/802/30 : NGVS VI. Ultra-compact dwarfs in M87 (Zhang+, 2015)J/ApJ/835/184 : Glob. clust. candidates in NGC4258 (Gonzalez-Lopezlira+, 2017)J/A+A/611/A93 : NGC3115 & NGC1399 VEGAS-SSS globular clust. (Cantiello+, 2018)J/ApJ/855/142 : Next Generation Fornax Survey (NGFS) II. (Eigenthaler+, 2018)J/ApJ/860/4 : NGFS. IV. The Fornax core region (Ordenes-Briceno+, 2018)J/MNRAS/490/1666 : Spectroscopic census of the Fornax cluster (Maddox+, 2019)J/A+A/623/A65 : Multiphot. of M31 outer halo globular clusters (Wang+, 2019)J/ApJ/899/140 : 632 Gaia Ultracompact Dwarf galaxy candidates (Voggel+, 2020)J/A+A/657/A93 : Fornax globular clusters (Chaturvedi+, 2022)J/ApJ/941/53 : GC syst. & SMBHs in spiral gal. III. (Gonzalez-Lopezlira+, 2022)J/MNRAS/509/180 : GC in 5 nearby spiral galaxies (Lomeli-Nunez+, 2022)J/ApJS/267/27 : SMUDGes V. The complete cat. of UDGs from DR9 (Zaritsky+, 2023)J/A+A/691/A138 : S-PLUS Ultra-Short Survey DR1 (Perottoni+, 2024)J/A+A/693/A306 : SPLUS DR4 VAC - Predicted Parameters (Ferriera Lopes+, 2025)J/A+A/695/A104 : H{alpha}-excess S-PLUS Catalogs (Gutierrez-Soto+, 2025)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/169/263https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/169/263http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/169/263https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/169/263https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/169/263http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/169/263GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/169/263/table4 (Broad band colors and observational properties of the GC candidates in the Fornax galaxy cluster)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/169/263/table4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/169/263/table4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/169/263/table4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true51.91487-39.143390.0055555555555555563/539 4/2151 2155 2168 2241 2243-2244 5/8599 8602-8603 8615 8617 8619 8642 8648 8650-8651 8676 8680 8961 8980 8984 8996 6/34367 34391 34395 34407 34447 34455 34458-34459 34473 34475 34572 34574 34596 34598 34610-34611 34616-34618 34710 34712-34714 34724-34726 34728-34730 35852-35853 35855 35876-35877 35879 35885 35887 35924-35926 35928-35930 35940-35942 35944-35945 35988-35990 35993https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/169/263?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/AJ/169/263/table4Broad band colors and observational properties of the GC candidates in the Fornax galaxy clusterrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameAssigned name of bona fide globular cluster candidate (1)meta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainindexedDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainindexedimag[19/22] PSF i-band Vega magnitude [mag_psf]magphot.mag;em.opt.Ifloate_imag[0.02/0.19] Uncertainty in imagmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.opt.Ifloat(u-i)0[-1.45/79.93] (u-i) dereddened colormagphot.color.reddFree;em.opt.U;em.opt.Ifloate_(u-i)0[0.07/99] Uncertainty in (u_i)0 (2)magstat.error;phot.color.reddFree;em.optfloat(g-r)0[-0.33/1.58] (g-r) dereddened colormagphot.color.reddFree;em.opt.B;em.opt.Rfloate_(g-r)0[0.04/0.27] Uncertainty in (g_r)0 (2)magstat.error;phot.color.reddFree;em.optfloat(g-i)0[0.6/2.44] (g-i) dereddened colormagphot.color.reddFree;em.opt.B;em.opt.Ifloate_(g-i)0[0.04/0.27] Uncertainty in (g_i)0 (2)magstat.error;phot.color.reddFree;em.optfloat(g-z)0[0.17/2.96] (g-z) dereddened colormagphot.color.reddFree;em.opt.B;em.opt.Ifloate_(g-z)0[0.05/0.28] Uncertainty in (g_z)0 (2)magstat.error;phot.color.reddFree;em.optfloatFWHM[2.8/9.99] S-extractor compactness classifier (3)pixmeta.code;phys.sizefloatClass[0.2/0.9] S-extractor stellarity structural classifier; compact sources ~ 1 [class_star]src.class.starGalaxyfloatSpread[-0.02/0.02] Another stellarity S-extractor classifier; compact sources ~ 0 [spread_model]src.class.starGalaxyfloatFluxRad[0.62/8.17] Effective aperture radius, S-extractor parameter [flux_radius] (4)phys.angSizefloatiMag[-12.4/-9.5] Absolute i-band magnitudemagphys.magAbs;em.opt.Ifloatflag[0/2] S-extractor flag classification (5)meta.code;src.classintS+DR4Display the S-PLUS DR4 (II/380) data for objects within 1.5"meta.ref.urlintnullable