J/AJ/168/215ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/168/215doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/be-58-6qCDSSanghi A.Xuan J.W.Wang J.J.Mawet D.Bowler B.P.Ngo H.,Bryan M.L.Ruane G.Absil O.Huby E.2026-07-02T11:44:58Z2025-07-08T08:27:41ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frexoplanetsdwarf-starsm-starsinfrared-astronomyvisible-astronomyWe present Super-RDI, a unique framework for the application of reference star differential imaging (RDI) to Keck/NIRC2 high-contrast imaging observations with the vortex coronagraph. Super-RDI combines frame selection and signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) optimization techniques with a large multiyear reference point-spread function (PSF) library to achieve optimal PSF subtraction at small angular separations. We compile a ~7000 frame reference PSF library based on a set of 288 new Keck/NIRC2 L' sequences of 237 unique targets acquired between 2015 and 2019 as part of two planet-search programs designed for RDI, one focusing on nearby young M dwarfs and the other targeting members of the Taurus star-forming region. For our data set, synthetic companion injection-recovery tests reveal that frame selection with the mean-squared error metric combined with Karhunen-Loeve Image-Processing-based PSF subtraction using 1000-3000 frames and <500 principal components yields the highest average S/N for injected synthetic companions. We uniformly reduce targets in the young M-star survey with both Super-RDI and angular differential imaging (ADI). For the typical parallactic angle rotation of our data set (~10{deg}), Super-RDI performs better than a widely used implementation of ADI-based PSF subtraction at separations <=0.4" (~=5{lambda}/D), gaining an average of 0.25mag in contrast at 0.25" and 0.4mag in contrast at 0.15". This represents a performance improvement in separation space over RDI with single-night reference star observations (~100 frame PSF libraries) applied to a similar Keck/NIRC2 data set in previous work. We recover two known brown dwarf companions and provide detection limits for 155 targets in the young M-star survey. Our results demonstrate that increasing the PSF library size with careful selection of reference frames can improve the performance of RDI with the Keck/NIRC2 vortex coronagraph in L'.2024AJ....168..215Shttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/168/215CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toIII/198 : Palomar/MSU nearby star spectroscopic survey (Hawley+ 1997)II/237 : Stellar Photometry in Johnson's 11-color syst. (Ducati, 2002)I/284 : The USNO-B1.0 Catalog (Monet+ 2003)I/298 : LSPM-North Catalog (Lepine+ 2005)II/281 : 2MASS 6X Point Source Working Database / Cat. (Cutri+ 2006)II/311 : WISE All-Sky Data Release (Cutri+ 2012)I/322 : UCAC4 Catalogue (Zacharias+, 2012)II/328 : AllWISE Data Release (Cutri+ 2013)J/A+A/403/247 : Variability in ROSAT All-Sky Survey (Fuhrmeister+, 2003)J/AJ/126/2048 : NStars project: the Northern Sample. I. (Gray+, 2003)J/other/ARA+A/42.685 : Young stars near the Sun (Zuckerman+, 2004)J/ApJ/647/1180 : Infrared photometry of Taurus SFR (Luhman+, 2006)J/AJ/132/866 : New M dwarfs in solar neighborhood (Riaz+, 2006)J/ApJS/168/128 : UBVRcIc photometry of FHB & metal-poor stars (Beers+, 2007)J/ApJ/670/1367 : Gemini Deep Planet Survey (Lafreniere+, 2007)J/ApJ/658/480 : Pre-MS stars in Lupus association (Makarov+, 2007)J/A+A/467/785 : SuperWASP/ROSAT periodic variable stars (Norton+, 2007)J/AJ/133/2825 : Star beyond the NLTT catalog (Reid+, 2007)J/MNRAS/389/585 : Fundamental parameters of M dwarfs (Casagrande+, 2008)J/AJ/135/850 : Properties of eclipsing binaries in TrES (Devor+, 2008)J/AJ/135/785 : SDSS-DR5 low-mass star spectroscopic sample (West+, 2008)J/AJ/137/4186 : UBVRI standards around celestial equator (Landolt, 2009)J/ApJ/699/649 : Young M dwarfs within 25pc. I. (Shkolnik+, 2009)J/MNRAS/403/1949 : UBV(RcIc)JHK photometry of HIP nearby stars (Koen+, 2010)J/ApJ/731/8 : Multiple star formation in Taurus-Auriga (Kraus+, 2011)J/AJ/141/97 : SDSS DR7 M dwarfs (West+, 2011)J/AJ/143/80 : Low-mass stars: beta Pic & AB Dor groups (Schlieder+, 2012)J/ApJ/758/56 : Young M dwarfs within 25pc.II. Kinematics (Shkolnik+, 2012)J/A+A/544/A9 : The International Deep Planet Survey. I. (Vigan+, 2012)J/ApJ/762/88 : Young stellar kinema. group candidate members (Malo+, 2013)J/ApJ/795/161 : Activity & rotation in Praesepe & Hyades (Douglas+, 2014)J/ApJ/784/126 : IR phot. of all known members in Taurus (Esplin+, 2014)J/MNRAS/443/2561 : CONCH-SHELL catalog of nearby M dwarfs (Gaidos+, 2014)J/AJ/147/146 : Spectroscopy of Tuc-Hor candidate members (Kraus+, 2014)J/ApJ/788/81 : BANYAN III. RVel & rotation of low-mass stars (Malo+, 2014)J/AJ/147/85 : Solar neighborhood. XXXIII. 45 M dwarfs (Riedel+, 2014)J/ApJ/794/146 : M dwarfs with IR excess (Theissen+, 2014)J/ApJ/798/41 : GALEX NUV obs. of bright M-type stars (Ansdell+, 2015)J/MNRAS/454/593 : Young moving groups in solar neighbourhood (Bell+, 2015)J/ApJS/216/7 : Planets Around Low-Mass Stars (PALMS). IV. (Bowler+, 2015)J/ApJ/799/155 : Sub-stellar companions in Taurus (Daemgen+, 2015)J/ApJS/219/33 : BANYAN. VII. Candidate YMG members from BASS (Gagne+, 2015)J/other/Sci/350.64 : 51 Eri b near-infrared spectrum (Macintosh+, 2015)J/A+A/590/A13 : New candidate members in young assoc. (Elliott+, 2016)J/ApJ/838/150 : The Taurus-Auriga ecosystem. I. (Kraus+, 2017)J/AJ/154/129 : PSYM-WIDE: planet.-mass compan. to YMG memb. (Naud+, 2017)J/MNRAS/475/1960 : ESPaDOnS spectropolarimeter obs.: M dwarfs (Fouque+, 2018)J/ApJ/856/23 : BANYAN. XI. The BANYAN {Sigma} algorithm (Gagne+, 2018)J/AJ/156/286 : The LEECH exoplanet imaging survey (Stone+, 2018)J/ApJ/877/60 : YMGs. I. Young binaries & Li-rich stars (Bowler+, 2019)J/ApJ/879/100 : K2 rot. per. for Hyades & Praesepe members (Douglas+, 2019)J/ApJ/881/9 : EvryFlare.I. Cool stars flares in south sky (Howard+, 2019)J/AJ/158/13 : The first 300 stars observed by the GPIES (Nielsen+, 2019)J/ApJS/247/44 : Mira-like variables from the KELT survey (Arnold+, 2020)J/AJ/159/63 : AO obs. exoplanets & brown dwarf compan. (Bowler+, 2020)J/A+A/651/A70 : SHINE sample definition (Desidera+, 2021)J/AJ/161/277 : Sample of 45 H{alpha}EW outliers (Kiman+, 2021)J/A+A/645/A30 : SB updated census in SACY sample (Zuniga-Fernandez+, 2021)J/AJ/165/39 : CHARIS & SPHERE/IFS IR sp. of HIP 21152 (Franson+, 2023)J/A+A/672/A93 : AF Lep b spectrum (Mesa+, 2023)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/168/215https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/168/215http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/168/215https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/168/215https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/168/215http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/168/215GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/168/215/table1 (Keck/NIRC2 L' vortex coronagraphic observations)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/168/215/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/168/215/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/168/215/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true6.1334064-25.38137560.0055555555555555565/270 292 6/310 331 336 342 377 518 784 1029 1031 1048 1050-1052 1054 1063 1068 1073-1075 1078 1111 1113-1115 1123-1124 1152 1154 1156 1159 1165 1245 1762 2220 6930 10079 10788 11853 11973 12417 12497 12770 15686 16455 16511 16985 16993 17202 17288 17502 17604 17606-17607 17822 18466 18686 18745 18760 18796 19382 19748 19782 20257 20282 20361 20381 20573 20602 20632 20824 20906 21090 21180 21239 21254 21377 22683 22731 22857 22942 22964 23029 23080 23094 23443 23517 23543 23549 23551 24201 24203 24232 24273 24294 24300 24608 24719 24763 25347 25512 26250 27201 27392 27828 27856 28746 28903 28921 29136 29198 29287 29357 29657 29681 29905 30263 30826 30909 31007 31439 31717 32267 33791 34733-34734 34742 34776 35131 35147 35640 35814 35861 35885 35945 36266 36308 36509 36732 38341 38382 38398 38484 38487 38687 38797 38800 39531 39575 39792 39829 40031 40435 40723 42483 42708 43259 43372 43425 43432 43670 43677 43704 43790 43993 44111 44696 44830 46456 46692 46828 46922 47610 47863 47911 47941 47943 48038 48124 48274 48318 48553 48559 48684 48800 48926 491355.3455714667354156e-20 6.513807192489934e-20https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/168/215?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/AJ/168/215/table1Keck/NIRC2 L' vortex coronagraphic observationsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSet[1/2] Type code (1)src.sampleintNameObject identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000[0/23]? Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ranullableDEJ2000[0/69]? Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.decnullableDateObservation date (UT)'Y:M:D'time.epoch;obsnullableNxCoaddsNumber of science frames x Coadds (2)meta.number;obs.imagecharTexpExposure time per coadd (2)stime.duration;obs.exposurefloatDelPA[0.1/221] Parallactic angle rotationdegpos.posAngfloatSeeing[0.4/1.4]? Seeing (3)arcsecinstr.obsty.seeingfloatnullablee_Seeing[0.1/0.5]? Uncertainty in Seeingarcsecstat.error;instr.obsty.seeingfloatnullableW1mag[3.2/10.5]? WISE W1 band apparent magnitude from AllWISE (II/328) unless flaggedmagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatnullablee_W1mag[0.02/0.45]? Uncertainty in W1magmagstat.error;phot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatnullabler_W1mag[a] a: from WISE (II/311)meta.ref;phot.mag;em.IR.3-4umcharWCatDisplay data from AllWISE (II/328) and WISE (II/311) within 3.5"meta.ref.urlcharRmag[6.9/15.1]? Apparent R band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloatnullablee_Rmag[1e-3/0.7]? Uncertainty in Rmagmagem.opt.Rfloatnullabler_Rmag[1/20]? Reference code for Rmag (4)meta.ref;phot.mag;em.opt.RintnullableSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullable_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main