J/AJ/168/129ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/168/129doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.51680129CDSSullivan K.Kraus A.L.Berger T.A.Dupuy T.J.Evans E.Gaidos E.,Huber D.Ireland M.J.Mann A.W.Petigura E.A.Thao Pa C.Wood M.L.,Zhang J.2025-06-02T20:09:16Z2025-05-05T09:25:04ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmultiple-starsexoplanetseffective-temperaturestellar-radiivisible-astronomyspectroscopyinfrared-astronomySmall planets (Rp<=4R_{Earth}_) are divided into rocky super-Earths and gaseous sub-Neptunes separated by a radius gap, but the mechanisms that produce these distinct planet populations remain unclear. Binary stars are the only main-sequence systems with an observable record of the protoplanetary disk lifetime and mass reservoir, and the demographics of planets in binaries may provide insights into planet formation and evolution. To investigate the radius distribution of planets in binary star systems, we observed 207 binary systems hosting 283 confirmed and candidate transiting planets detected by the Kepler mission, then recharacterized the planets while accounting for the observational biases introduced by the secondary star. We found that the population of planets in close binaries ({rho}<=100au) is significantly different from the planet population in wider binaries ({rho}>300au) or single stars. In contrast to planets around single stars, planets in close binaries appear to have a unimodal radius distribution with a peak near the expected super-Earth peak of Rp ~1.3R_{Earth}_ and a suppressed population of sub-Neptunes. We conclude that we are observing the direct impact of a reduced disk lifetime, smaller mass reservoir, and possible altered distribution of solids reducing the sub-Neptune formation efficiency. Our results demonstrate the power of binary stars as a laboratory for exploring planet formation and as a controlled experiment of the impact of varied initial conditions on mature planet populations.2024AJ....168..129Shttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/168/129CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/ApJ/696/L84 : Primordial circumstellar disks in binary syst. (Cieza+, 2009)J/ApJS/190/1 : A survey of stellar families (Raghavan+, 2010)J/AJ/142/112 : KIC photometric calibration (Brown+, 2011)J/AJ/142/19 : Speckle observations of KOI (Howell+, 2011)J/AJ/144/42 : Infrared photometry of 90 KOIs (Adams+, 2012)J/ApJ/751/115 : Millimeter emission from Taurus binary systems (Harris+, 2012)J/ApJ/745/19 : Binary systems in Taurus-Auriga (Kraus+, 2012)J/A+A/546/A10 : Mult. in transiting planet-host stars (Lillo-Box+, 2012)J/ApJS/204/24 : Kepler planetary candidates. III. (Batalha+, 2013)J/A+A/556/A15 : Effective temperature scale of M dwarfs (Rajpurohit+, 2013)J/ApJ/795/64 : Exoplanet physical parameters (Foreman-Mackey+, 2014)J/A+A/566/A103 : Kepler planet host candidates imaging (Lillo-Box+, 2014)J/ApJ/809/8 : Terrestrial planet occurrence rates for KOIs (Burke+, 2015)J/ApJ/813/130 : Kepler multiple transiting planet systems (Wang+, 2015)J/AJ/152/18 : Robo-AO Kepler planetary cand. survey. II. (Baranec+, 2016)J/AJ/152/8 : Impact of stellar mult. on planetary syst. I. (Kraus+, 2016)J/AJ/154/109 : California-Kepler Survey (CKS). III. Radii (Fulton+, 2017)J/AJ/153/71 : Kepler follow-up observation program. I. (Furlan+, 2017)J/ApJS/229/30 : Revised properties of Q1-17 Kepler targets (Mathur+, 2017)J/ApJ/866/99 : Radii of KIC stars & planets using Gaia DR2 (Berger+, 2018)J/ApJS/235/38 : Kepler planet. cand. VIII. DR25 reliability (Thompson+, 2018)J/AJ/155/161 : Stars nearby Robo-AO Kepler planetary cand. (Ziegler+, 2018)J/AJ/160/108 : Gaia-Kepler stellar properties catalog. II. (Berger+, 2020)J/ApJS/247/28 : K2 star param. from Gaia & LAMOST (Hardegree-Ullman+, 2020)J/AJ/161/265 : Compared rot. periods for 1189 CKS host stars (David+, 2021)J/AJ/161/134 : Stellar & planetary comp. within 25pc (Hirsch+, 2021)J/AJ/162/75 : Speckle obs. TESS exoplanet host stars. II. (Lester+, 2021)J/AJ/161/171 : THYME. V. Discovering a new stellar assoc. (Tofflemire+, 2021)J/AJ/163/179 : The California-Kepler Survey. X. (Petigura+, 2022)J/ApJ/928/134 : NIR phot. & optical veiling in T Tauri stars (Sullivan+, 2022)J/AJ/165/177 : Planet-Host Binary Systems. III. (Sullivan+, 2023)J/AJ/165/85 : THYME. IX. MELANGE-4 association members (Wood+, 2023)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/168/129https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/168/129http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/168/129https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/168/129https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/168/129http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/168/129GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/168/129/sample (System parameters for each source (Table 2) and stellar parameter fit results (Table 4))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/168/129/sample?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/168/129/sample?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/168/129/sample?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true283.150668345.13981830.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/AJ/168/129/table3 (New Keck/NIRC2 observations)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/168/129/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/168/129/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/168/129/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true288.067592542.35533780.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/AJ/168/129/table5 (Planet parameter fit results for all planets in the binary KOI sample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/168/129/table5?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/168/129/table5?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/168/129/table5?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true283.150668345.13981830.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/AJ/168/129/table1 (Excluded systems)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/168/129/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/168/129/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/168/129/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true289.739711144.64739420.0055555555555555564/922 5/3646 3694 3706 3733 3735-3737 3741 3776 3778 3780 3782-3783 3785 3792-3793 6/14567 14573 14578-14581 14583 14588 14590-14591 14730-14731 14733-14735 14744 14746 14751 14768 14770-14772 14774-14775 14781-14783 14792 14794-14795 14816 14819 14914-14915 14917 14919 14921 14923-14925 14927 14929-14931 14937-14939 14952-14954 14958-14961 14969-14971 14973 14975 15041 15043 15045 15057 15059 15061 15109-15111 15116 15118-15119 15125-15126 15136-15137 15139 15145-15149 15151 15154-15156 15158-15160 15200 15232https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/168/129?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/AJ/168/129/sampleSystem parameters for each source (Table 2) and stellar parameter fit results (Table 4)Source[1/2] Source (1)meta.code;meta.refintSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNIRC2Display the new Keck/NIRC2 observations for this source (link to Table 3)meta.ref.urlcharKOI[42/8253] Kepler object of interest identifiermeta.id;meta.mainintprimaryNpNumber of planet fit results for this star (link to Table 5)meta.numberintnullableSep[0.02/3.72] Angular separationarcsecpos.angDistancefloatDateObservation datetime.epochnullablermag[9.33/17.11] r'-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.RfloatSNR[37/2095] Signal-to-Noise Ratiostat.snrintdmi[0.01/4.3]? Observed contrast, i-band magnitudemagphot.mag;arith.diff;em.opt.Ifloatnullablee_dmi[0.01/3.5]? Uncertainty in dmimagstat.error;phot.mag;arith.difffloatnullabledmLP600[0.03/5]? Observed contrast, LP600 magnitudemagphot.mag;arith.difffloatnullablee_dmLP600[0.02/0.6]? Uncertainty in dmLP600magstat.error;phot.mag;arith.difffloatnullabledmGaia[0/5.3]? Observed contrast, Gaia G-band magnitudemagphot.mag;arith.diff;em.optfloatnullablee_dmGaia[0/0.1]? Uncertainty in dmGaiamagstat.error;phot.mag;arith.difffloatnullabledm562nm[0/4.3]? Observed contrast, 562nm magnitudemagphot.mag;arith.diff;em.opt.Vfloatnullablee_dm562nm[0.15]? Uncertainty in dm562nmmagstat.error;phot.mag;arith.difffloatnullabledm692nm[0.12/6]? Observed contrast, 692nm magnitudemagphot.mag;arith.diff;em.opt.Rfloatnullablee_dm692nm[0.15/0.3]? Uncertainty in dm692nmmagstat.error;phot.mag;arith.difffloatnullabledm880nm[0.05/4.8]? Observed contrast, 880nm magnitudemagphot.mag;arith.diff;em.opt.Ifloatnullablee_dm880nm[0.1/1]? Uncertainty in dm880nmmagstat.error;phot.mag;arith.difffloatnullabledmJ[0/5.1]? Observed contrast, J-band magnitudemagphot.mag;arith.diff;em.IR.Jfloatnullablee_dmJ[0.01/0.4]? Uncertainty in dmJmagstat.error;phot.mag;arith.difffloatnullabledmK[0/3.6]? Observed contrast, K-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.K;arith.difffloatnullablee_dmK[0/0.5]? Uncertainty in dmKmagstat.error;phot.mag;arith.difffloatnullableRefReferences (1)meta.code;meta.refcharTeff1[3493/6888] Stellar effective temperature, component 1Kphys.temperature.effectiveintE_Teff1[3/305] Upper uncertainty in Teff1Kstat.error;stat.max;phys.temperature.effectiveinte_Teff1[2/1904] Lower uncertainty in Teff1Kstat.error;stat.min;phys.temperature.effectiveintTeff2[3016/6881] Stellar effective temperature, component 2Kphys.temperature.effectiveintE_Teff2[5/1799] Upper uncertainty in Teff2Kstat.error;stat.max;phys.temperature.effectiveinte_Teff2[7/380] Lower uncertainty in Teff2Kstat.error;stat.min;phys.temperature.effectiveintTeffkep[2703/6995] Stellar effective temperature, Kepler (1)Kphys.temperature.effectiveinte_Teffkep[58/297]? Uncertainty in TeffkepKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectiveintnullableRstar1[0.19/1.5] Radius, solar units, component 1solRadphys.size.radiusfloatE_Rstar1[0.003/0.3] Upper uncertainty in Rstar1solRadstat.error;stat.max;phys.size.radiusfloate_Rstar1[0.003/0.25] Lower uncertainty in Rstar1solRadstat.error;stat.min;phys.size.radiusfloatRstar2/Rstar1[0.3/1.1] Ratio, radii, component 2 to 1phys.size.radius;arith.ratiofloatE_Rstar2/Rstar1[0.002/1] Upper uncertainty in Rstar2/Rstar1stat.error;stat.max;phys.size.radiusfloate_Rstar2/Rstar1[0.002/0.4] Lower uncertainty in Rstar2/Rstar1stat.error;stat.min;phys.size.radiusfloatRstarkep[0.1/3.4] Radius, solar units, Kepler (1)solRadphys.size.radiusfloate_Rstarkep[0.01/1.1]? Uncertainty in RstarkepsolRadstat.error;phys.size.radiusfloatnullablefcorr-p[0.2/2.1]? Planetary radius correction factor, if primary hostarith.factor;phys.size.radiusfloatnullableE_fcorr-p[0.02/1.2]? Upper uncertainty in fcorr-pstat.error;stat.max;arith.factorfloatnullablee_fcorr-p[0.02/0.4]? Lower uncertainty in fcorr-pstat.error;stat.min;arith.factorfloatnullablefcorr-s[0.5/4.4]? Planetary radius correction factor, if secondary hostarith.factor;phys.size.radiusfloatnullableE_fcorr-s[0.03/1.5]? Upper uncertainty in fcorr-sstat.error;stat.max;arith.factorfloatnullablee_fcorr-s[0.03/1.1]? Lower uncertainty in fcorr-sstat.error;stat.min;arith.factorfloatnullableK16Display data from Kraus+ 2016, J/AJ/152/8 if anymeta.ref.urlintnullableF17Display data from Furlan+ 2017, J/AJ/153/71 if anymeta.ref.urlintnullable_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/AJ/168/129/table3New Keck/NIRC2 observationsKOI[163/8077] Kepler object of interest identifiermeta.id;meta.mainintSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMJDModified Julian Date of Observation (JD-2400000.5)dtime.epochdoubleFiltFiltermeta.id;instr.filtercharNf[1/16] Number of framesmeta.number;pos.frameintrho[41.5/1868] Separationarcsecpos.angDistancefloate_rho[1.5/11] Uncertainty in rhoarcsecstat.error;pos.angDistancefloatPA[3.8/344] Position angle, east of northdegpos.posAngfloate_PA[0.04/6] Uncertainty in PAdegstat.error;pos.posAngfloatdmag[-0.21/3.21] Delta magnitude in Filtmagphot.mag;arith.difffloate_dmag[0/0.4] Uncertainty in {Delta}magmagstat.error;phot.mag;arith.difffloat_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/AJ/168/129/table5Planet parameter fit results for all planets in the binary KOI sampleE_Teqsec[2/309]? Upper uncertainty in TeqsecKstat.error;stat.max;phys.temperatureintnullablee_Teqsec[2/321]? Lower uncertainty in TeqsecKstat.error;stat.min;phys.temperatureintnullableKOIHost star KOI number; column added by CDSmeta.id.parentintSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_DEPositions from KOI star in SIMBAD (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKOIpl[42.01/8253.01] Kepler object of interest planet identifiermeta.id;meta.mainfloatRppri[0.29/520]? Planet radius, primary as host(6.3781x10+6m)phys.size.radiusfloatnullableE_Rppri[0.03/48]? Upper uncertainty in Rppri(6.3781x10+6m)stat.error;stat.max;phys.size.radiusfloatnullablee_Rppri[0.03/48.1]? Lower uncertainty in Rppri(6.3781x10+6m)stat.error;stat.min;phys.size.radiusfloatnullableRpsec[0.37/1447]? Planet radius, secondary as host(6.3781x10+6m)phys.size.radiusfloatnullableE_Rpsec[0.05/130.1]? Upper uncertainty in Rpsec(6.3781x10+6m)stat.error;stat.max;phys.size.radiusfloatnullablee_Rpsec[0.04/129]? Lower uncertainty in Rpsec(6.3781x10+6m)stat.error;stat.min;phys.size.radiusfloatnullableRpkep[0.36/577] Planet radius, Kepler (1)(6.3781x10+6m)phys.size.radiusfloate_Rpkep[0/31] Uncertainty in Rpkep(6.3781x10+6m)stat.error;phys.size.radiusfloatTeqpri[138/2908]? Planet equilibrium temperature, secondaryKphys.temperatureintnullableE_Teqpri[4/344]? Upper uncertainty in TeqpriKstat.error;stat.max;phys.temperatureintnullablee_Teqpri[4/401]? Lower uncertainty in TeqpriKstat.error;stat.min;phys.temperatureintnullableTeqsec[78/2615]? Planet equilibrium temperature, secondaryKphys.temperatureintnullableTeqkep[106/3653] Planet equilibrium temperature, Kepler (1)Kphys.temperatureintSpri[0.05/15155] Isolation, Earth units, primary as hostphot.fluxdoubleE_Spri[0/945] Upper uncertainty in Spristat.error;stat.max;phot.fluxfloate_Spri[0/938] Lower uncertainty in Spristat.error;stat.min;phot.fluxfloatSsec[0.02/9992] Isolation, Earth units, secondary as hostphot.fluxfloatE_Ssec[0/730] Upper uncertainty in Ssecstat.error;stat.max;phot.fluxfloate_Ssec[0/707] Lower uncertainty in Ssecstat.error;stat.min;phot.fluxfloatSkep[0.03/41864]? Isolation, Earth units, Kepler (1)phot.fluxdoublenullablee_Skep[0/29069]? Uncertainty in Skepstat.error;phot.fluxdoublenullable_RAPositions from KOI star in SIMBAD (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainJ/AJ/168/129/table1Excluded systemsKOI[5/6610] Kepler object of interestmeta.id;meta.mainintSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintReasonReason for exclusionmeta.notecharSourceSource of exclusion informationmeta.notecharK16Display data from Kraus+ 2016, J/AJ/152/8 if anymeta.ref.urlintnullableF17Display data from Furlan+ 2017, J/AJ/153/71 if anymeta.ref.urlintnullable_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main