J/AJ/167/55ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/167/55doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.51670055CDSHamer J.H.Schlaufman K.C.2025-05-21T20:12:28Z2025-03-04T16:44:30ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frexoplanetsvisible-astronomyBefore the launch of the Kepler Space Telescope, models of low-mass planet formation predicted that convergent type I migration would often produce systems of low-mass planets in low-order mean-motion resonances. Instead, Kepler discovered that systems of small planets frequently have period ratios larger than those associated with mean-motion resonances and rarely have period ratios smaller than those associated with mean-motion resonances. Both short-timescale processes related to the formation or early evolution of planetary systems and long-timescale secular processes have been proposed as explanations for these observations. Using a thin disk stellar population's Galactic velocity dispersion as a relative age proxy, we find that Kepler-discovered multiple-planet systems with at least one planet pair near a period ratio suggestive of a second-order mean-motion resonance have a colder Galactic velocity dispersion and are therefore younger than both single-transiting and multiple-planet systems that lack planet pairs consistent with mean-motion resonances. We argue that a nontidal secular process with a characteristic timescale no less than a few hundred Myr is responsible for moving systems of low-mass planets away from second-order mean-motion resonances. Among systems with at least one planet pair near a period ratio suggestive of a first-order mean-motion resonance, only the population of systems likely affected by tidal dissipation inside their innermost planets has a small Galactic velocity dispersion and is therefore young. We predict that period ratios suggestive of mean-motion resonances are more common in young systems with 10Myr<~{tau}<~100Myr and become less common as planetary systems age.2024AJ....167...55Hhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/167/55CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toV/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)I/350 : Gaia EDR3 (Gaia Collaboration, 2020)III/286 : APOGEE-2 DR17 final allStar catalog (Abdurro'uf+, 2022)J/ApJS/197/8 : Kepler's multiple transiting planets (Lissauer+, 2011)J/A+A/537/A146 : Stellar models with rot. 0.8<M<120, Z=0.014 (Ekstrom+, 2012)J/MNRAS/420/L23 : Non-resonant Kepler planetary systems (Veras+, 2012)J/ApJ/790/146 : Planets in Kepler's multi-transiting syst. (Fabrycky+, 2014)J/ApJS/215/19 : APOKASC catalog of Kepler red giants (Pinsonneault+, 2014)J/MNRAS/448/1044 : Simulation data for 50 planetary model syst. (Hansen+, 2015)J/AJ/151/144 : ASPCAP weights for APOGEE chemical elements (Garcia+, 2016)J/AJ/154/107 : California-Kepler Survey (CKS). I. (Petigura+, 2017)J/AJ/154/108 : California-Kepler Survey (CKS). II. (Johnson+, 2017)J/ApJ/855/115 : Lithium abundances of KOIs from CKS spectra (Berger+, 2018)J/ApJS/237/38 : Extended abundance analysis of KOIs (Brewer+, 2018)J/AJ/156/264 : CKS. VII. Planet radius gap (Fulton+, 2018)J/ApJS/235/38 : Kepler planets. VIII. DR25 reliability (Thompson+, 2018)J/AJ/158/190 : MS hot Jupiter hosts with good astrometry (Hamer+, 2019)J/AJ/159/280 : Gaia-Kepler stellar properties cat. I. (Berger+, 2020)J/AJ/160/138 : Gaia DR2 ultra-short-period planet host stars (Hamer+, 2020)J/ApJ/909/115 : Planets Across Space and Time (PAST). I. (Chen+, 2021)J/AJ/162/100 : PAST. II. LAMOST-Gaia-Kepler catalog (Chen+, 2021)J/A+A/649/A3 : Gaia EDR3 photometric passbands (Riello+, 2021)J/ApJ/921/24 : Planetary masses and radii (Schlaufman+, 2021)J/AJ/164/26 : Hot Jupiters isochrone analyse (Hamer+, 2022)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/167/55https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/167/55http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/167/55https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/167/55https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/167/55http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/167/55GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/167/55/table1 (Separations from resonances in libration widths)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/167/55/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/167/55/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/167/55/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true291.499432837.05928470.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/AJ/167/55/table2 (*Separations from resonance in units of |{delta}_res| (Equation 6))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/167/55/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/167/55/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/167/55/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true291.499432837.05928470.0055555555555555564/922-923 933 5/3646 3706 3736 3740-3741 3743 3776 3778 3780-3782 3785 3792 6/14573 14578-14579 14581-14583 14588 14590-14591 14730-14731 14733-14734 14744 14746 14750-14751 14792 14794 14816 14818-14819 14828 14830 14914 14918-14921 14923-14926 14948-14950 14952-14953 14955 14957-14959 14968-14969 14971 15041 15044 15057 15059-15062 15108-15110 15116 15118-15119 15133-15134 15136-15137 15139 15145-15150 15153-15158 15160 15172-15174 15232https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/167/55?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/AJ/167/55/table1Separations from resonances in libration widthsKIC[1432789/12600735] Kepler Input Catalog number for host starmeta.id;meta.mainintprimaryKOI-in[41.01/7685.02] Kepler Object of Interest number assigned to inner planetmeta.id.assocfloatKOI-out[41.01/7685.01] Kepler Object of Interest number assigned to outer planetmeta.id.assocfloatSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintm_KICNumber of results for this starmeta.numberintnullableAdjacentBoolean denoting if the two planets are adjacentmeta.codechar2:1Dist[0.03/1396] Distance in units of libration widths from the 2:1 resonancepos.distancedouble3:2Dist[0.096/1355] Distance in units of libration widths from the 3:2 resonancepos.distancedouble4:3Dist[0.036/1284] Distance in units of libration widths from the 4:3 resonancepos.distancedouble5:4Dist[0.11/1219] Distance in units of libration widths from the 5:4 resonancepos.distancedouble6:5Dist[0.057/1170] Distance in units of libration widths from the 6:5 resonancepos.distancedoubleResBoolean denoting if the two planets are plausibly first-order resonantmeta.codechar_RAPositions from KIC host stars in SIMBAD (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from KIC host stars in SIMBAD (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/AJ/167/55/table2*Separations from resonance in units of |{delta}_res| (Equation 6)KIC[1432789/12600735] Kepler Input Catalog number for host starmeta.id;meta.mainintprimaryKOI-in[41.01/7685.02] Kepler Object of Interest number assigned to inner planetmeta.id.assocfloatKOI-out[41.01/7685.01] Kepler Object of Interest number assigned to outer planetmeta.id.assocfloatSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintm_KICNumber of results for this starmeta.numberintnullableAdjacentBoolean denoting if the two planets are adjacentmeta.codechar2:1Dist[0.0003/121] Distance in units of |d_res| from the 2:1 resonancepos.distancedouble3:2Dist[0.00027/162] Distance in units of |d_res| from the 3:2 resonancepos.distancedouble4:3Dist[0.0002/182] Distance in units of |d_res| from the 4:3 resonancepos.distancedouble5:4Dist[0.0003/195] Distance in units of |d_res| from the 5:4 resonancepos.distancedouble6:5Dist[0.0001/203] Distance in units of |d_res| from the 6:5 resonancepos.distancedouble3:1Dist[0.003/81] Distance in units of |d_res| from the 3:1 resonancepos.distancedouble5:3Dist[6e-05/146] Distance in units of |d_res| from the 5:3 resonancepos.distancedouble7:5Dist[0.0027/174] Distance in units of |d_res| from the 7:5 resonancepos.distancedouble9:7Dist[0.00046/189] Distance in units of |d_res| from the 9:7 resonancepos.distancedouble11:9Dist[0.002/199] Distance in units of |d_res| from the 11:9 resonancepos.distancedoubleRes1OBoolean denoting if the two planets are plausibly first-order resonantmeta.codecharRes2OBoolean denoting if the two planets are plausibly second-order resonantmeta.codechar_RAPositions from KIC host stars in SIMBAD (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from KIC host stars in SIMBAD (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main