J/AJ/167/275ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/167/275doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/be-57-8kCDSMizuki T.Momose M.Aizawa M.Kobayashi H.2026-07-02T11:44:49Z2025-12-01T12:25:33ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frdwarf-starsinfrared-sourcesinfrared-photometryMore than a thousand warm debris disks have been detected as infrared excess at mid-infrared wavelengths, and their frequencies have been obtained for various spectral types of stars. However, the dependence of the frequencies on spectral type is still debated because the number of stars with significant and detectable infrared excess is limited. Herein, we present the largest systematic search for infrared excess using data from Gaia, WISE, and Spitzer. We identified 373, 485, and 255-reliable infrared excesses in the mid-infrared archival data at wavelengths of 12, 22, and 24um for WISE/W3, W4, and Spitzer/MIPS ch1, respectively. Although we confirmed that more massive stars tend to show higher frequencies of debris disks, these disk frequencies are relatively flat for both low- and intermediate-mass stars, with a jump at 7000K for all three wavelengths. Assuming that bright, warm debris disks have lifetimes of a few to several hundred million years, the disk frequency can be understood as the ratio between the timescale and the upper limits of the sample ages. We also found that intermediate-mass stars with infrared excess tend to be bluer and fainter along the evolutionary track than those without, implying that massive stars hosting debris disks are relatively young, with an isochronal age of approximately 500 Myr. These tendencies are reasonably explained by a standard scenario in which debris disks are likely to be produced by collisions of planetesimals in the early stages of stellar evolution, such as the Late Heavy Bombardment.2024AJ....167..275Mhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/167/275CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/350 : Gaia EDR3 (Gaia Collaboration, 2020)II/311 : WISE All-Sky Data Release (Cutri+ 2012)II/328 : AllWISE Data Release (Cutri+ 2013)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/167/275https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/167/275http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/167/275https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/167/275https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/167/275http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/167/275GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/167/275/catalog (Catalog of 1047 stars with detected mid-infrared excesses based on a systematic analysis of archival data from Gaia eDR3, WISE (W3 and W4), and Spitzer/MIPS 24um (M1))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/167/275/catalog?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/167/275/catalog?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/167/275/catalog?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true263.06211.930.0055555555555555566/36 113 127 323 336 343 361 460-461 463-464 472 474-475 478 483 485 487 496 604 686 735 773 784 810 830 844 872 903 940 955 973 1013 1039 1041 1044 1053 1065 1073-1074 1156 1167 1201 1214 1545 1554 1603 1677 1728 1872 1885 1996 2009 2085 2157 2170 2253 2259 2298 2303 2318 2327 2334 2365 2376 2414 2493 2520 2548 2554 2618 2643 2657 2798 2846 2950 3081 3392 3917 3924 3930 4018 4058 4161 4277 4336 4408 4597 4655 4708 4775 4945 5016 5119 5152 5252 5278 5378 5419 5607 5645 5673 5702 5734 5813 5930 5976 6020 6044 6071 6085 6088 6096 6104 6112 6195 6232 6281 6390 6393 6539 6640 6661 6690 6712 6728 6766 6817 6894 7263 7271 7449 7565 7718 7720 7779 7869 7898 8101 8220 8245 8300 8307 8479 8486 8566 8698 8719 8805 9105 9109 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24984 25083 25141 25269 25365 25423 25443 25546 25737 25919 25972 26051 26212 26333 26380 26556 26668 26692 26700 26736 26861 26867 27120 27176 27203 27344 27349 27361 27468 27581 27587 27677 27681 27701 27735 27759 27765 27782 27985 28033 28059 28362 28425 28997 29045 29331 29348 29401 29426 29678 29713 29805 29900 30046 30184 30192 30759 30792 30845 30868 30889 30936 31043 31184 31203 31214 31236 31248 31293 31600 31614 31635 31729 31767 31776 31781 31790 31817 31886 31928 32134 32141 32144 32146 32168 32176 32181 32219-32220 32239 32242 32291 32320 32322 32334 32370 32387 32422 32466 32502 32586 32613 32622 32626 32652 32713 32807 32842 32950 32992 33255 33303 33382 33449 33457 33491 33508 33520 33642 33667 33694 33872 33907 33927 33949 33954 33966 33979 33985-33986 34006 34046 34050 34063 34089 34098 34105 34108 34161 34168 34257 34382 34415 34516 34538 34588 34683 34717 34749 34823 34856 34888 34896 35005 35125 35472 35603 35635 35679 35823 35926 35935 35950 35993 36130 36173 36184 36202 36295 36499 36539 36551 36631 36638 36725 36837 36907 36956 36964 36971 36988 36998 37041 37104 37114 37118 37121 37123 37127 37144-37145 37152 37166 37285 37290 37405 37421 37447 37454 37457 37592-37593 37605 37618 37633 37638 37645 37665 37768 37770 37800 38169 38215 38228 38483 38525 38593 38656 38729 38827 38902 38932 38934 38941 38961 39022-39024 39031-39032 39052 39078 39094 39114 39126-39127 39130 39133 39147 39164 39179 39331 39338 39447 39451 39501 39510 39513 39522 39524 39539 39549-39550 39556 39567 39571 39593 39613 39618 39621 39632 39661 39666 39673 39680 39688 39714 39820-39822 40011 40837 40861 40918 41014 41017 41019 41060 41067 41072 41084 41092 41095 41102 41113 41122 41125 41130 41157 41173 41181 41205 41218 41274 41313 41352 41485 41492 41986-41987 42024-42025 42035 42063 42065 42072 42618 42658 42660 42666 42684 42711 42714 42720 42728 42730 42737 42740 42742 42746 42797 42811 42873 42875 42905 42911 42921 42944 42973 42981-42982 42988 43119 43133 43135 43166 43211 43219 43230 43232 43242 43244 43251-43252 43257 43260 43274 43276 43279 43292 43304 43308 43331 43369 43372 43402 43414 43425 43439 43461 43530 43558 43586 43627 43669 43672 43833 43877 43988 44039 44044 44051 44069 44072 44078 44101 44106 44126 44139 44146 44248 44275 44287 44301 44321 44324 44330 44352 44436 44502 44610 44673 44701 44716 44747 44802 44968 45066 45159 45234 45253 45339 45397 45538 45674 45687 45746 45773 45830 45841 45967 46119 46125 46439 46441 46505 46647 46673 46690 46810 47108 47158 47176 47212 47225 47240 47338 47341 47349 47464 47468 47490 47516 47546 47591 47634 47680 47683 47717 47722 47738 47744 47747 47761 47796 47799 47824 47829 47841 47930 47975 48004 48021 48234 48279 48433 48447 48651 48679 48842 48871 49046 49113 491401.9867573869263685e-19 3.916500758235022e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/167/275?format=asciiInfrareddefaultJ/AJ/167/275/catalogCatalog of 1047 stars with detected mid-infrared excesses based on a systematic analysis of archival data from Gaia eDR3, WISE (W3 and W4), and Spitzer/MIPS 24um (M1)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGaiaEDR3Gaia EDR3 source ID (ID_GaiaEDR3)meta.id;meta.mainNameSIMBAD identifier (NAME_SIMBAD)meta.idcharRA_ICRSGaia EDR3 right ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0 (RA)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.raindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.decindexedDE_ICRSGaia EDR3 declination (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0 (DEC)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainpmRAProper motion in RA (PM_RA)mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.radoublepmDEProper motion in Dec (PM_DEC)mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decdoubleDistDistance from Gaia parallax (D)pcpos.distancefloatGmagGaia G-band magnitude (Gmag)magphot.mag;em.optfloatRUWERenormalized Unit Weight Error (RUWE)stat.errorfloatChi2Reduced chi-square of SED fit (CHISQ)stat.fit.param;meta.modelledfloatTeffStellar effective temperature (TEFF)Kphys.temperature.effectiveintloggStellar surface gravity (LOGG)log(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatLStellar luminosity (L)solLumphys.luminosityfloatDebrisW3[0/1] Excess flag at WISE W3 (Debris_W3)meta.codeintDebrisW4[0/1] Excess flag at WISE W4 (Debris_W4)meta.codeintDebrisM1[0/1] Excess flag at WISE M1 (Debris_M1)meta.codeintFW3? Observed flux at W3 (FLUX_W3) (1)mJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umdoublenullablee_FW3? Uncertainty in W3 flux (FERR_W3) (1)mJystat.errorfloatnullableFmodW3Model SED flux at W3 (FLUX_MODEL_W3)mJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umdoublee_FmodW3Uncertainty of model flux at W3 (FERR_MODEL_W3)mJystat.errorfloatepsilonW3? Detection efficiency at W3 (epsilon_W3)stat.fit.paramfloatnullablepbkgW3? Background contamination probability at W3 (pbkg_W3)instr.backgroundfloatnullablepastrW3? Probability of astrophysical excess at W3 (pastr_W3)stat.fit.goodnessfloatnullableFW4? Observed flux at W4 (FLUX_W4) (1)mJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloatnullablee_FW4? Uncertainty in W4 flux (FERR_W4)mJystat.errorfloatnullableFmodW4Model SED flux at W4 (FLUX_MODEL_W4) (1)mJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloate_FmodW4Uncertainty of model flux at W4 (FERR_MODEL_W4)mJystat.errorfloatepsilonW4? Detection efficiency at W4 (epsilon_W4) (1)stat.fit.paramfloatnullablepbkgW4? Background contamination probability at W4 (pbkg_W4)instr.backgroundfloatnullablepastrW4? Probability of astrophysical excess at W4 (pastr_W4)stat.fit.goodnessfloatnullableFM1? Observed flux at M1 (FLUX_M1) (1)mJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloatnullablee_FM1? Uncertainty in M1 flux (FERR_M1) (1)mJystat.errorfloatnullableFmodM1Model SED flux at M1 (FLUX_MODEL_M1)mJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloate_FmodM1Uncertainty of model flux at M1 (FERR_MODEL_M1)mJystat.errorfloatepsilonM1? Detection efficiency at M1 (epsilon_M1) (1)stat.fit.paramfloatnullablepbkgM1? Background contamination probability at M1 (pbkg_M1)instr.backgroundfloatnullablepastrM1? Probability of astrophysical excess at M1 (pastr_M1)stat.fit.goodnessfloatnullable