J/AJ/167/120ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/167/120doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.51670120CDSVenuti L.Cody A.M.Beccari G.Rebull L.M.Irwin M.J.Thanvantri A.,Thanvantri S.Alencar S.H.P.Leal C.O.Barentsen G.Drew J.E.,Howell S.B.2026-02-11T20:01:47Z2024-05-31T12:08:31ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fryoung-stellar-objectsnebulaestar-forming-regionsaccretionvisible-astronomystellar-spectral-typesstellar-radiistellar-massesPre-main-sequence disk accretion is pivotal for determining the final stellar properties and the early conditions for close-in planets. We aim to establish the impact of internal (stellar mass) and external (radiation field) parameters on the disk evolution in the Lagoon Nebula massive star-forming region. We employ simultaneous u, g, r, i, H{alpha} time-series photometry, archival infrared data, and high-precision K2 light curves to derive the stellar, disk, and accretion properties for 1012 Lagoon Nebula members. We estimate that of all young stars in the Lagoon Nebula, 34%-37% have inner disks traceable down to ~12{mu}m, while 38%-41% are actively accreting. We detect disks ~1.5 times more frequently around G, K, and M stars than around higher-mass stars, which appear to deplete their inner disks on shorter timescales. We find tentative evidence for a faster disk evolution in the central regions of the Lagoon Nebula, where the bulk of the O/B population is located. Conversely, disks appear to last longer at the nebula outskirts, where the measured fraction of disk-bearing stars tends to exceed that of accreting and disk-free stars. The derived mass accretion rates show a nonuniform dependence on stellar mass between ~0.2 and 5M{sun}. In addition, the typical accretion rates appear to differ across the Lagoon Nebula extension, with values twice lower in the core region than at its periphery. Finally, we detect tentative radial density gradients in the surface accretion shocks, leading to lags in the appearance of light curve brightness features as a function of wavelength that can amount to ~7%-30% of the rotation period.2024AJ....167..120Vhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/167/120CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toIV/34 : K2 Ecliptic Plane Input Catalog (EPIC) (Huber+, 2017)VII/233 : The 2MASS Extended sources (IPAC/UMass, 2003-2006)J/ApJS/101/117 : UBVRIJHKLMNQ photometry in Taurus-Auriga (Kenyon+ 1995)J/A+AS/123/63 : NGC 6530 multiwavelength photometry (van den Ancker+ 1997)J/A+A/333/231 : O-M stars model atmospheres (Bessell+ 1998)J/AJ/120/333 : UBVRI and H{alpha} in NGC 6530 (Sung+, 2000)J/A+A/395/499 : XMM observations in M8 and NGC6530 (Rauw+, 2002)J/ApJ/593/1093 : IC 348 membership (Luhman+, 2003)J/ApJ/608/781 : NGC 6530 Chandra X-ray catalog (Damiani+, 2004)J/AJ/130/873 : Properties of BQS objects in SDSS DR3 area (Jester+, 2005)J/A+A/430/941 : Star formation region NGC 6530 (Prisinzano+, 2005)J/ApJ/660/1532 : Spitzer/IRAC-MIPS survey of NGC 2244 (Balog+, 2007)J/AJ/134/1368 : Proper motions in NGC 2244 and NGC 6530 (Chen+, 2007)J/ApJ/662/1067 : Spitzer observations of sigma Orionis (Hernandez+, 2007)J/A+A/462/123 : VLT/Flames spectroscopic data of NGC6530 (Prisinzano+, 2007)J/ApJS/181/321 : Properties of Spitzer c2d dark clouds (Evans+, 2009)J/A+A/521/A61 : Stars associated to Eagle Nebula (Guarcello+ 2010)J/MNRAS/407/1170 : IRAC photometry of M8 (Kumar+, 2010)J/MNRAS/415/103 : IPHAS T Tauri candidates in IC 1396 (Barentsen+, 2011)J/A+A/525/A47 : U-band photometry in sigma Orionis region (Rigliaco+, 2011)J/ApJ/751/115 : Millimeter emission Taurus binary systems (Harris+, 2012)J/ApJ/755/154 : Mass accretion rates from HST in the ONC (Manara+, 2012)J/MNRAS/434/806 : Pre-main-sequence isochrones. II. SFR (Bell+, 2013)J/ApJS/209/32 : Probable young stars in the MYStIX project (Broos+, 2013)J/A+A/551/A107 : X-shooter spectra 24 young stellar objects (Manara+, 2013)J/ApJS/208/9 : Intrinsic colors & temperatures of PMS stars (Pecaut+, 2013)J/ApJS/209/31 : The MYStIX IR-Excess Source catalog (MIRES) (Povich+, 2013)J/AJ/147/82 : Monitoring of disk-bearing stars in NGC 2264 (Cody+, 2014)J/MNRAS/440/2036 : VPHAS+ survey synthetic colours (Drew+, 2014)J/ApJ/786/97 : Photospheric properties of T Tauri stars (Herczeg+, 2014)J/A+A/570/A82 : Mapping accretion variability in NGC 2264 (Venuti+, 2014)J/MNRAS/453/1026 : Lagoon Nebula M8 T tauri accretion rates (Kalari+, 2015)J/ApJS/224/2 : K2 EPIC stellar properties for 138600 targets (Huber+, 2016)J/A+A/600/A20 : Lupus YSOs X-shooter spectroscopy (Alcala+, 2017)J/ApJ/838/61 : Candidate X-ray OB stars in MYStIX regions (Povich+, 2017)J/MNRAS/477/5191 : Galactic young stellar cluster lifetimes (Richert+, 2018)J/A+A/609/A10 : NGC2264 structure and star formation history (Venuti+, 2018)J/AJ/157/85 : CIDA Variability Survey of Orion OB1. II. (Briceno+, 2019)J/A+A/623/A25 : Photometric & astrometric study of NGC 6530 (Damiani+, 2019)J/A+A/629/A67 : T Tauri in NGC 2264 cluster (Sousa+, 2019)J/A+A/622/A72 : Intermediate-mass T Tau stars spectra (Villebrun+, 2019)J/A+A/642/A56 : Diagnostic for accretion/outflow in NGC 2264 (Bonito+, 2020)J/A+A/638/A21 : New Herbig Ae/Be & classical Be stars cat (Vioque+, 2020)J/AJ/162/28 : Studying protoplanetary disks in SFRs with ALMA (Van+, 2021)J/AJ/162/101 : K2 ugri & H{alpha} photo in Lagoon Nebula (Venuti+, 2021)J/ApJ/930/39 : 128 new Herbig stars (Vioque+, 2022)J/A+A/670/A37 : Spatial & dynamical structure of NGC2264 (Flaccomio+, 2023)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/167/120https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/167/120http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/167/120https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/167/120https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/167/120http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/167/120GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/167/120/table1 (List of Lagoon Nebula members included in this study)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/167/120/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/167/120/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/167/120/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true270.95104-24.510860.0055555555555555566/28890-28891 28912-28913https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/167/120?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/AJ/167/120/table1List of Lagoon Nebula members included in this studyrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameIdentifier (1)meta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000[270/272] Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000[-25/-23] Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainMemb[?y] Derived Membership flagmeta.code.errorcharDisk[yn*? ] Disk classification (2)meta.code.class;src.classcharAccAccreting status classification (3)meta.codecharK2varK2 light curve class (4)meta.code.classcharumag[5.63/20.8]? VST/OmegaCAM u-band AB magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Ufloatnullablegmag[5.89/20.4]? VST/OmegaCAM g-band AB magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Bfloatnullablermag[6.02/19.6]? VST/OmegaCAM r-band AB magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloatnullableimag[6.10/18.6]? VST/OmegaCAM i-band AB magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.IfloatnullableHamag[5.95/27.4]? VST/OmegaCAM narrow-band H{alpha} AB magnitudemagphot.flux;em.line.HalphafloatnullableSpTFitting-derived Spectral Typesrc.spTypecharAvmag[0/10.4]? Fitting-derived V-band reddeningmagphys.absorptionfloatnullableLbol[0.13/16112]? Bolometric luminositysolLumphys.luminositydoublenullableMass[0.15/14.3]? Stellar mass, solar unitssolMassmeta.unit;phys.massfloatnullableRad[0.45/152]? Stellar radius, solar unitssolRadmeta.unit;phys.size.radiusfloatnullable[Age][5.01/7.78]? log, Age, yearslog(yr)time.agefloatnullable[Macc][-10.5/-4.14]? log, Accretion ratelog(solMass.yr**-1)arith.rate;arith.zpfloatnullableSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableD[Macc]+[0.009/2.04]? log amplitude of logMacc variations above median (5)phys.mass.lossfloatnullableD[Macc]-[0.01/1.42]? log amplitude of logMacc variations below median (6)phys.mass.lossfloatnullable