J/AJ/166/260ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/166/260doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.51660260CDSBowens-Rubin R.Akana Murphy J.M.Hinz P.M.Limbach M.A.Seifahrt A.,Kiman R.Salama M.Mukherjee S.Brady M.Carter A.L.Jensen-Clem R.,van Kooten M.A.M.Isaacson H.Kosiarek M.Bean J.L.Kasper D.,Luque R.Stefansson G.Sturmer J.2024-11-06T20:18:24Z2024-05-17T07:29:13ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frm-starsexoplanetsvisible-astronomyspectroscopyradial-velocityWolf-359 (CN-Leo, GJ-406, Gaia-DR3-3864972938605115520) is a low-mass star in the fifth-closest neighboring system (2.41pc). Because of its relative youth and proximity, Wolf-359 offers a unique opportunity to study substellar companions around M-stars using infrared high-contrast imaging and radial velocity monitoring. We present the results of Ms-band (4.67{mu}m) vector vortex coronagraphic imaging using Keck-NIRC2 and add 12 Keck-HIRES and 68 MAROON-X velocities to the radial velocity baseline. Our analysis incorporates these data alongside literature radial velocities from CARMENES, the High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher, and Keck-HIRES to rule out the existence of a close (a<10 au) stellar or brown dwarf companion and the majority of large gas giant companions. Our survey does not refute or confirm the long-period radial velocity candidate, Wolf-359b (P~2900days), but rules out the candidate's existence as a large gas giant (>4MJup) assuming an age of younger than 1Gyr. We discuss the performance of our high- contrast imaging survey to aid future observers using Keck-NIRC2 in conjunction with the vortex coronagraph in the Ms band and conclude by exploring the direct imaging capabilities with JWST to observe Jupiter- and Neptune-mass planets around Wolf-359.2023AJ....166..260Bhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/166/260CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic servicerelated-toII/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)IV/34 : K2 Ecliptic Plane Input Catalog (EPIC) (Huber+, 2017)I/350 : Gaia EDR3 (Gaia Collaboration, 2020)J/A+A/356/590 : The CORALIE survey for extrasolar planets II (Udry+, 2000)J/A+A/439/1137 : PHOENIX model chromospheres of M dwarfs (Fuhrmeister+, 2005)J/AJ/137/4186 : UBVRI standards around celestial equator (Landolt, 2009)J/ApJ/710/1627 : Mid-IR photometry of cold brown dwarfs (Leggett+, 2010)J/ApJ/743/48 : Stars with Prot and X-ray luminosities (Wright+, 2011)J/ApJS/200/15 : HARPS-TERRA project. I. (Anglada-Escude+, 2012)J/other/Nat/481.167 : 2002-2007 PLANET microlensing events (Assan+, 2012)J/ApJ/804/64 : Empirical and model parameters of 183 M dwarfs (Mann+, 2015)J/ApJ/834/85 : H{alpha} emission in nearby M dwarfs (Newton+, 2017)J/AJ/156/217 : Star properties for M dwarfs in MEarth-South (Newton+, 2018)J/AJ/157/63 : Rad relations for low-metallicity M-dwarfs (Kesseli+, 2019)J/AJ/157/231 : MLSDSS-GaiaDR2 sample of M and L dwarfs (Kiman+, 2019)J/A+A/623/A85 : Evolutionary models cold and low-mass planets (Linder, 2019)J/AJ/157/33 : Radial velocity exploration {epsilon}Eridani (Mawet+, 2019)J/A+A/625/A71 : Radial velocity measurements for 7 stars (Rickman+, 2019)J/ApJ/904/140 : Ruprecht 147 members & rot. data for 5 cl. (Curtis+, 2020)J/A+A/636/A74 : HARPS radial velocity database (Trifonov+, 2020)J/ApJS/254/42 : Hipparcos-Gaia (EDR3) Cat of Accelerations (Brandt, 2021)J/MNRAS/508/3877 : Catalogue of white dwarfs in Gaia EDR3 (Gentile+, 2021)J/A+A/652/A28 : Activity indicators across M dwarf domain (Lafarga+, 2021)J/AJ/162/11 : EDEN project Flare activity of nearby Wolf 359 (Lin+, 2021)J/AJ/162/181 : RVel & Hipparcos positions eEridani (Llop-sayson+, 2021)J/AJ/161/189 : Gyro-kinematic ages for ~30000 Kepler stars (Lu+, 2021)J/AcA/71/1 : OGLE wide-orbit exoplanets (Poleski+, 2021)J/ApJ/916/77 : K2 Prot for SDSS & Gaia M dwarfs (Popinchalk+, 2021)J/MNRAS/518/662 : Benchmarking MESA isochrones with Hyades (Brandner+, 2023)J/A+A/670/A139 : CARMENES search for exoplanets around Mdwarfs (Ribas+, 2023)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/166/260https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/166/260http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/166/260https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/166/260https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/166/260http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/166/260GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapOpticaldefaultJ/AJ/166/260/table6Velocities used in the RVSearch analysisrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintBJDBarycentric Julian Date BJD-2400000dtime.epochdoubleRVel[-32.7/59.4] Radial velocitym/sspect.dopplerVelocfloate_RVel[0.3/11] Uncertainty in RVelm/sstat.error;spect.dopplerVelocfloatInstInstrument; CARMENES, HARPS, HIRES, MAROON-X (1)instrcharJ/AJ/166/260/table7Radial velocity measurements for observations completed with Keck-HIRESrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintDateObservation date; YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss.sss formattime.epoch;obscharBJD[2458532/2459633] Barycentric Julian Datedtime.epochdoubleRVel[-28.4/11] Radial velocitym/sspect.dopplerVelocdoublee_RVel[2/5] Uncertainty in RVelm/sstat.error;spect.dopplerVelocfloatCts[1763/5117] Counts in raw 1D spectrum near 5500Angstromsctphot.count;arith.ratiointchi2[1.3/1.6743] Median reduced chi-squared for the observation over all chunksstat.fit.chi2floatbVel[-29243/30512] Barycentric velocity at flux-weighted midpointm/sphys.veloc;pos.barycenterdoubleSvalue[49.1/108] CaHK S-valuemeta.codefloate_Svalue[0.001] Uncertainty in svaluestat.errorfloattRVel[-102/19.5] Telluric calibrated absolute radial velocitykm/sspect.dopplerVelocfloate_tRVel[0.1] Uncertainty in tRVelkm/sstat.errorfloatJ/AJ/166/260/table8Radial velocity measurements for observations completed with MAROON-XrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintArmMAROON-X arm identifiermeta.id;instrcharBJD[2459267/2459697] Barycentric Julian Datedtime.epochdoubleRVel0[-16.7/11.5] Barycentric-corrected radial velocity (1)m/sspect.dopplerVelocfloate_RVel0[0.2/2] Uncertainty in RVel0m/sstat.errorfloatSNPeak[48/580] Peak signal-to-noise in observationstat.snrfloatExp[1800] Exposure timestime.duration;obs.exposureintberv[-29.7/29.8] Flux-weighted barycentric correction (2)m/sinstr.paramfloatairmass[1.03/2.03] Observation airmassobs.airMassfloatdLW[-34.3/128] Differential linewidth of observation (3)em.freqfloate_dLW[0.2/3] Uncertainty in dLWstat.errorfloatcrx[-34/45.6] Chromatic index of observation (4)meta.code.multipfloate_crx[3/38] Uncertainty in crxstat.errorfloatEpoch[1/5] Observing run epoch (5)time.epochintOffset[-1.6/11] Radial velocity offset measured between observing runsphys.veloc;arith.difffloate_Offset[0/2] Uncertainty in Offsetstat.errorfloatRVel[-17.2/3.48] Radial velocity (6)m/sspect.dopplerVelocfloate_RVel[0.3/3] Uncertainty in RVelm/sstat.error;spect.dopplerVelocfloat