J/AJ/165/48ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/165/48doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.51650048CDSGreklek-McKeon M.Knutson H.A.Vissapragada S.Jontof-Hutter D.,Chachan Y.Thorngren D.Vasisht G.2023-10-17T11:45:14Z2023-06-13T06:45:33ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frexoplanetsinfrared-photometryKepler-289 is a three-planet system containing two sub-Neptunes and one cool giant planet orbiting a young, Sun-like star. All three planets exhibit transit timing variations (TTVs), with both adjacent planet pairs having orbital periods close to the 2:1 orbital resonance. We observe two transits of Kepler-289c with the Wide-field InfraRed Camera on the 200" Hale Telescope at Palomar Observatory, using diffuser-assisted photometry to achieve space-like photometric precision from the ground. These new transit observations extend the original four-year Kepler TTV baseline by an additional 7.5yr. We rereduce the archival Kepler data with an improved stellar activity correction and carry out a joint fit with the Palomar data to constrain the transit shapes and derive updated transit times. We then model the TTVs to determine the masses of the three planets and constrain their densities and bulk compositions. Our new analysis improves on previous mass and density constraints by a factor of two or more for all three planets, with the innermost planet showing the largest improvement. Our updated atmospheric mass fractions for the inner two planets indicate that they have hydrogen-rich envelopes, consistent with their location on the upper side of the radius valley. We also constrain the heavy element composition of the outer Saturn mass planet, Kepler-289c, for the first time, finding that it contains 30.5{+/-}6.9M{Earth} of metals. We use dust evolution models to show that Kepler-289c must have formed beyond 1au, and likely beyond 3au, and then migrated inward.2023AJ....165...48Ghttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/165/48CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic servicerelated-toJ/ApJ/790/146 : Planets in Kepler's multi-transiting systems (Fabrycky+, 2014)J/ApJ/784/45 : Kepler's multiple planet candidates. III. (Rowe+, 2014)J/ApJ/795/167 : Transits of PH3 b, c, & d through January 2019 (Schmitt+, 2014)J/ApJS/225/9 : Kepler TTVs IX. The full long-cadence data set (Holczer+, 2016)J/ApJ/831/64 : Mass-metallicity relation for giant planets (Thorngren+, 2016)J/AJ/154/5 : Transit timing variations of 145 Kepler planets (Hadden+, 2017)J/AJ/157/52 : Radial velocity observations super-Earth systems (Bryan+, 2019)J/ApJ/874/L31 : Giant planet bulk & atmosphere metallicities (Thorngren+, 2019)J/AJ/161/246 : Tansit time variations for 12 exoplanets (Jontof-Hutter+, 2021)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/165/48https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/165/48http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/165/48https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/165/48https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/165/48http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/165/48GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapInfrareddefaultJ/AJ/165/48/table1Observed transit epochs and mid-times for the three Kepler-289 planetsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDPlanet identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharNum[0/465] Transit epoch numbermeta.id;meta.numberintObsJD[964/4720]? Observed Julian Date of mid-time; JD-2454000dtime.epochdoublenullablee_ObsJD[0.0004/0.03]? 1{sigma} uncertainty in ObsJDdstat.errorfloatnullablePredJD[965/9891] Predicted Julian Date of mid-time; JD-2454000dtime.epochdoublee_PredJD[0.0002/2] 1{sigma} uncertainty in Pred-JDdstat.errorfloat