J/AJ/162/98ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/162/98doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.51620098CDSBromley B.C.Leonard A.Quintanilla A.King A.J.Mann C.Kenyon S.J.2022-03-14T07:02:47Z2021-12-14T09:07:53ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frstellar-flareseffective-temperaturevisible-astronomyphotometryLight echoes of flares on active stars offer the opportunity for direct detection of circumstellar dust. We revisit the problem of identifying faint echoes in postflare light curves, focusing on debris disks from ongoing planet formation. Starting with simulations, we develop an algorithm for estimating the radial extent and total mass from disk echo profiles. We apply this algorithm to light curves from over 2100 stars observed by NASA's Kepler mission, selected for multiple short-lived flares in either the long-cadence or short-cadence data sets. While flux uncertainties in light curves from individual stars preclude useful mass limits on circumstellar disks, catalog-averaged light curves yield constraints on disk mass that are comparable to estimates from known debris disks. The average mass in micron- to millimeter-sized dust around the Kepler stars cannot exceed 10% of an Earth mass in exo-Kuiper belts or 10% of a lunar mass in the terrestrial zone. We group stars according to IR excess, based on WISE W1-W3 color, as an indicator for the presence of circumstellar dust. The mass limits are greater for stars with strong IR excess, a hint that echoes are lurking not far beneath the noise in postflare light curves. With increased sensitivity, echo detection will let time-domain astronomy complement spectroscopic and direct-imaging studies in mapping how, when, and where planets form.2021AJ....162...98Bhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/162/98CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toV/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)II/311 : WISE All-Sky Data Release (Cutri+ 2012)I/337 : Gaia DR1 (Gaia Collaboration, 2016)I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)J/ApJS/188/242 : Variations on debris disks. II. (Kenyon+, 2010)J/A+A/555/A11 : DUNES survey observational results (Eiroa+, 2013)J/ApJS/209/5 : Superflares of Kepler stars. I. (Shibayama+, 2013)J/A+A/562/A95 : Orbital solutions of eight close sdB binaries (Geier+, 2014)J/MNRAS/447/2714 : Flare stars across the H-R diagram (Balona+, 2015)J/other/Sci/350.64 : 51 Eri b near-infrared spectrum (Macintosh+, 2015)J/ApJ/823/58 : Photo-reverberation mapping of 27 YSOs in LDN1688 (Meng+, 2016)J/ApJ/829/23 : Stellar flares from Q0-Q17 Kepler LCs (Davenport, 2016)J/ApJ/849/36 : Flaring activity of M dwarfs in the Kepler field (Yang+, 2017)J/ApJS/229/30 : Stellar properties of Q1-17 Kepler targets (Mathur+, 2017)J/ApJS/232/26 : Catalog of Kepler flare stars (Van Doorsselaere+, 2017)J/MNRAS/477/5191 : Ggalactic young stellar cluster lifetimes (Richert+, 2018)J/ApJ/887/38 : SDSS RM Project: CIV lags & LCs from 4yrs data (Grier+, 2019)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/162/98https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/162/98http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/162/98https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/162/98https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/162/98http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/162/98GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/162/98/table1 (The complete active stars with composite light curves)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/162/98/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/162/98/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/162/98/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true291.137577536.57735470.0055555555555555564/922-923 933-935 944-946 5/3645-3647 3683 3704 3706 3729-3731 3788-3789 3792 6/14567 14573 14575 14577-14579 14730-14731 14744 14746 14750-14751 14792 14794-14795 14822 14828 14830 14914-14915 15040-15041 15043-15045 15057 15059-15062 15160 15172-15174 15176 15178 15200 152321.9867573869263685e-19 3.916500758235022e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/162/98?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/AJ/162/98/table1The complete active stars with composite light curvesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKICKepler Input Catalog identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharLC/SCLong-cadence, Short-cadencesrc.classcharTeff[2661/11048]? Effective temperature (1)Kphys.temperature.effectiveintnullablelogg[-0.04/5.29]? log, surface gravity (1)log(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatnullableDist[48.6/58820]? Gaia DR2 distance (2)pcpos.distance;src.orbitaldoublenullableGmag[8.12/20.35]? Gaia G magnitudemagphot.mag;em.optfloatnullableBP-RP[-0.43/2.59]? Gaia BP-RP colormagphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.RfloatnullableW1-W3[-1.33/4.67]? WISE W1-W3 colormagphot.color;em.IR;em.IRfloatnullableNFlare[10/250] Number of flares identifiedmeta.numberintNinliers[9/204] Number of flares in composite light curvemeta.numberintpval[1.5e-6/1] p-value of no-flare hypothesis teststat.fit.goodnessdoubleMlim[0.001/9.62] 95%-tile disk mass in MCMC likelihood samples(5.97236x10+24kg)phys.massdoubleM05[1.3e-5/0.85] 5%-tile disk mass in MCMC likelihood samples(5.97236x10+24kg)phys.massdoubleGaiaGaia DR2 identifiermeta.id.crosscharWISEWISE identifiermeta.id.crosscharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RAPosition from SIMBAD (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainnullable_DEPosition from SIMBAD (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainnullable