J/AJ/162/28ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/162/28doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.51620028CDSVan Der Marel N.Mulders G.D.2022-03-14T06:54:01Z2021-11-24T07:16:40ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frstar-forming-regionsexoplanetsmillimeter-astronomysubmillimeter-astronomystellar-spectral-typesstellar-massesGaps in protoplanetary disks have long been hailed as signposts of planet formation. However, a direct link between exoplanets and disks remains hard to identify. We present a large sample study of ALMA disk surveys of nearby star-forming regions to disentangle this connection. All disks are classified as either structured (transition, ring, extended) or nonstructured (compact) disks. Although low-resolution observations may not identify large-scale substructure, we assume that an extended disk must contain substructure from a dust evolution argument. A comparison across ages reveals that structured disks retain high dust masses up to at least 10Myr, whereas the dust mass of compact, nonstructured disks decreases over time. This can be understood if the dust mass evolves primarily by radial drift, unless drift is prevented by pressure bumps. We identify a stellar mass dependence of the fraction of structured disks. We propose a scenario linking this dependence with that of giant exoplanet occurrence rates. We show that there are enough exoplanets to account for the observed disk structures if transitional disks are created by exoplanets more massive than Jupiter and ring disks by exoplanets more massive than Neptune, under the assumption that most of those planets eventually migrate inwards. On the other hand, the known anticorrelation between transiting super-Earths and stellar mass implies those planets must form in the disks without observed structure, consistent with formation through pebble accretion in drift-dominated disks. These findings support an evolutionary scenario where the early formation of giant planets determines the disk's dust evolution and its observational appearance.2021AJ....162...28Vhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/162/28CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/other/Sci/330.653 : Detected planets in the Eta-Earth Survey (Howard+, 2010)J/ApJ/738/122 : ScoCen debris disks Around F- and G-type stars (Chen+, 2011)J/ApJ/745/19 : Binary systems in Taurus-Auriga (Kraus+, 2012)J/ApJ/751/115 : Millimeter emission from Taurus binary systems (Harris+, 2012)J/ApJ/756/133 : ScoCen debris disks around B- and A-type stars (Chen+, 2012)J/A+A/555/A64 : Identifying gaps flaring Herbig Ae/Be disks (Maaskant+, 2013)J/MNRAS/435/1325 : Membership of the {epsilon} Cha association (Murphy+, 2013)J/A+A/574/A116 : G and K giant stars stellar parameters (Reffert+, 2015)J/MNRAS/454/593 : Young moving groups in solar neighbourhood (Bell+, 2015)J/A+A/587/A64 : Physical properties of giant exoplanets (Santerne+, 2016)J/A+A/592/A126 : Transition disk survey (van der Marel+, 2016)J/ApJ/827/142 : ALMA observations of GKM stars in Upper Sco (Barenfeld+, 2016)J/ApJ/831/125 : ALMA 887{mu}m obs. ChaI star-forming region (Pascucci+, 2016)J/MNRAS/461/794 : Scorpius-Centaurus K-Type Stars (Pecaut+, 2016)J/AJ/154/109 : California-Kepler Survey. III. Planet radii (Fulton+, 2017)J/AJ/154/245 : Imaging survey of Spitzer-detected debris disks (Meshkat+, 2017)J/ApJ/845/44 : 340GHz SMA obs. 50 nearby protoplanetary disks (Tripathi+, 2017)J/A+A/615/A175 : Solar system analogs with HARPS (Barbato+, 2018)J/AJ/156/75 : Circumstellar disks in Upper Sco association (Esplin+, 2018)J/ApJ/859/21 : ALMA survey of Lupus protoplanetary disks. II. (Ansdell+, 2018)J/ApJ/860/109 : Keck HIRES obs. 245 subgiants (retired A stars) (Ghezzi+, 2018)J/ApJS/235/38 : Kepler planetary cand. VIII. DR25 reliability (Thompson+, 2018)J/A+A/626/A11 : Corona Australis ALMA and X-Shooter data (Cazzoletti+, 2019)J/A+A/632/A46 : TW Hydrae association with X-shooter (Venuti+, 2019)J/AJ/157/52 : Rvel observations in super-Earth systems (Bryan+, 2019)J/AJ/158/109 : Occurrence rates of planets orbiting FGK stars (Hsu+, 2019)J/AJ/158/13 : The first 300 stars observed by the GPIES (Nielsen+, 2019)J/MNRAS/482/698 : Ophiuchus DIsc Survey Employing ALMA. I. (Cieza+, 2019)J/AJ/160/221 : Planetary yields of gap transitional disks (Close, 2020)J/ApJ/895/126 : ALMA observation of 152 1-11Myr aged stars (Hendler+, 2020)J/MNRAS/496/5423 : 4 planet-hosting stars asteroseismic masses (Malla+, 2020)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/162/28https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/162/28http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/162/28https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/162/28https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/162/28http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/162/28GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/162/28/table3 (Full sample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/162/28/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/162/28/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/162/28/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true5/270 9239 10745 11090-11091 11094 6/342 1029 1031 1037 1039-1040 1042-1043 1048 1050 1052-1054 1061 1068 1073-1075 1111 1113-1115 1123 1126 1136 1156-1157 1159 1168-1170 1539 23517 23548-23549 23551 24203 24279 24294-24295 24300 28762 28921 30741 36946 36948-36949 37012 37122 37128-37129 37186 37978 38382 41130 41135 41472 41526 42595 42597-42599 42611 42614-42615 42644 42704-42705 42707 42713-42714 42727 42736-42738 42943 42959 42967 42969-42972 42979 42984-42986 42989-42990 42992 42994 43000-43001 43415 44049 44118 44311 44317 44319 44343 44352 44355-44356 44358 44371 44386 44389 44401 47826 47845https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/162/28?format=asciiMillimeterdefaultJ/AJ/162/28/table3Full sampleSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableSFRStar forming regionobs.fieldcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameTarget name(s)meta.id;meta.mainDist[37/475] Distancepcpos.distance;src.orbitalintf_Dist[*] Flag on Dist (1)meta.codecharl_Fcont[<] Limit flag on Fcontmeta.code.errorcharFcont[0.13/2253] Millimeter continuum fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.radiofloatBand[6/7] ALMA Band of millimeter continuum fluxinstr.bandpassintl_Mdust[<] Limit flag on Mdustmeta.code.errorcharMdust[0.01/322] Dust mass, Earth units(5.97236x10+24kg)phys.massfloatl_Rsize[<] Limit flag on Rsizemeta.code.error;pos.distance;phys.sizecharRsize[5/265]? Dust radius of each diskauphys.angSize;srcintnullableSpTSpectral typesrc.spTypecharMass[0.1/3.1]? Stellar masssolMassphys.massfloatnullableClassClass (2)src.classcharRef1Reference for ALMA data (3)meta.ref;pos.framecharRef2Reference(s) for stellar properties (3)meta.ref;pos.frame_RAPosition from SIMBAD (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainnullable_DEPosition from SIMBAD (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainnullable