J/AJ/161/265ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/161/265doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.51610265CDSDavid T.J.Contardo G.Sandoval A.Angus R.Lu Y.Bedell M.,Curtis J.L.Foreman-mackey D.Fulton B.J.Grunblatt S.K.Petigura E.A.2022-03-16T11:58:11Z2021-09-07T14:16:30ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frexoplanetsThe radius valley, a bifurcation in the size distribution of small, close-in exoplanets, is hypothesized to be a signature of planetary atmospheric loss. Such an evolutionary phenomenon should depend on the age of the star-planet system. In this work, we study the temporal evolution of the radius valley using two independent determinations of host star ages among the California-Kepler Survey (CKS) sample. We find evidence for a wide and nearly empty void of planets in the period-radius diagram at the youngest system ages (<~2-3Gyr) represented in the CKS sample. We show that the orbital period dependence of the radius valley among the younger CKS planets is consistent with that found among those planets with asteroseismically determined host star radii. Relative to previous studies of preferentially older planets, the radius valley determined among the younger planetary sample is shifted to smaller radii. This result is compatible with an atmospheric loss timescale on the order of gigayears for progenitors of the largest observed super-Earths. In support of this interpretation, we show that the planet sizes that appear to be unrepresented at ages <~2-3Gyr are likely to correspond to planets with rocky compositions. Our results suggest that the size distribution of close-in exoplanets and the precise location of the radius valley evolve over gigayears.2021AJ....161..265Dhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/161/265CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toV/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)J/ApJS/199/30 : Effective temperature scale for KIC stars (Pinsonneault+, 2012)J/MNRAS/422/2024 : X-ray-age relation & exoplanet evaporation (Jackson+, 2012)J/ApJ/775/L11 : Stellar rotation periods for KOIs (McQuillan+, 2013)J/ApJ/776/26 : RRab stars in the Orphan stream distances (Sesar+, 2013)J/MNRAS/436/1883 : Properties of KOI host stars (Walkowicz+, 2013)J/ApJ/787/47 : 106 Kepler ultra-short-period planets (Sanchis-Ojeda+, 2014)J/ApJ/801/3 : Rotation periods for Q3-Q14 KOIs (Mazeh+, 2015)J/ApJ/809/8 : Terrestrial planet occurrence rates KOI stars (Burke+, 2015)J/ApJ/813/100 : Deep GALEX NUV survey of the Kepler field. I. (Olmedo+, 2015)J/ApJS/217/31 : Kepler planetary candidates. VI. 4yr Q1-Q16 (Mullally+, 2015)J/MNRAS/452/2127 : Fundamental parameters Kepler stars (Silva Aguirre+, 2015)J/ApJ/822/86 : False positive probabilities Q1-Q17 DR24 KOIs (Morton+, 2016)J/AJ/153/71 : Kepler follow-up observation program I. Imaging (Furlan+, 2017)J/AJ/154/107 : California-Kepler Survey (CKS). I. 1305 stars (Petigura+, 2017)J/AJ/154/108 : California-Kepler Survey (CKS). II. Properties (Johnson+, 2017)J/AJ/154/109 : California-Kepler Survey. III. Planet radii (Fulton+, 2017)J/ApJ/844/102 : KIC star plxs from asteroseismology vs Gaia (Huber+, 2017)J/AJ/155/89 : California-Kepler Survey (CKS). IV. Planets (Petigura+, 2018)J/AJ/156/18 : APOGEE DR14:Binary comp. of evolved stars (Price-Whelan+, 2018)J/MNRAS/474/2094 : Inferring proba stellar rotation periods (Angus+, 2018)J/ApJ/875/29 : Spectroscopic analysis of the CKS sample. I. (Martinez+, 2019)J/AJ/159/211 : Exoplanets parameters from Kepler and K2 (Cloutier+, 2020)J/AJ/159/280 : Gaia-Kepler stellar prop catalog.I. KIC stars (Berger+, 2020)J/AJ/160/108 : Gaia-Kepler stellar prop catalog. II. Planets (Berger+, 2020)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/161/265https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/161/265http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/161/265https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/161/265https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/161/265http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/161/265GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/161/265/table1 (Rotation periods of KOIs in CKS VII sample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/161/265/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/161/265/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/161/265/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true286.808491449.31641420.0055555555555555564/922-923 933-935 945 5/3645-3647 3683 3704 3706 3729-3731 3776-3778 3785-3789 3792 6/14567 14573 14575 14578-14579 14730-14731 14738 14744 14746 14750-14751 14792 14794-14795 14828 14830 14914-14915 15040-15041 15043-15044 15057 15059-15062 15116 15118-15119 15136-15137 15139 15160 15172-15174 15176 15178 15200 15232https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/161/265?format=asciidefaultJ/AJ/161/265/table1Rotation periods of KOIs in CKS VII samplerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKOIKepler Object of Interest identifiermeta.id;meta.mainintKIC? Kepler Input Catalog identifiermeta.idintnullableProt[1.54/45.7]? Rotation perioddtime.periodfloatnullabler_ProtReference for Prot (1)meta.ref;pos.framecharf_Prot[0/3] Reliability flag for Prot (2)meta.codeintA18Per[1.1/64.4]? Angus+, 2018, J/MNRAS/474/2094 rotation perioddtime.periodfloatnullableM13Per[1.34/44.6]? McQuillan+, 2013, J/ApJ/775/L11 rotation perioddtime.periodfloatnullableM15Per[0.14/154]? Mazeh+, 2015, J/ApJ/801/3 rotation perioddtime.periodfloatnullableW13Per[0/44]? Walkowicz & Basri, 2013MNRAS.426.1883W rotation perioddtime.periodfloatnullableD21Per[1.34/50]? This work's rotation perioddtime.periodfloatnullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RAPosition from SIMBAD (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPosition from SIMBAD (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main