J/AJ/160/201ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/160/201doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.51600201CDSChachan Y.Jontof-Hutter D.Knutson H.A.Adams D.Gao P.Benneke B.,Berta-Thompson Z.Dai F.Deming D.Ford E.B.Lee E.J.,Libby-Roberts J.E.Madhusudhan N.Wakeford H.R.Wong I.2021-07-05T08:28:30Z2021-01-27T09:12:41ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frexoplanetsvariable-starsinfrared-astronomyspectroscopyExtremely low-density planets ("super-puffs") are a small but intriguing subset of the transiting planet population. With masses in the super-Earth range (1-10M{Earth}) and radii akin to those of giant planets (>4R{Earth}), their large envelopes may have been accreted beyond the water snow line and many appear to be susceptible to catastrophic mass loss. Both the presence of water and the importance of mass loss can be explored using transmission spectroscopy. Here, we present new Hubble space telescope WFC3 spectroscopy and updated Kepler transit depth measurements for the super-puff Kepler-79d. We do not detect any molecular absorption features in the 1.1-1.7{mu}m WFC3 bandpass, and the combined Kepler and WFC3 data are consistent with a flat-line model, indicating the presence of aerosols in the atmosphere. We compare the shape of Kepler-79d transmission spectrum to predictions from a microphysical haze model that incorporates an outward particle flux due to ongoing mass loss. We find that photochemical hazes offer an attractive explanation for the observed properties of super-puffs like Kepler-79d, as they simultaneously render the near-infrared spectrum featureless and reduce the inferred envelope mass-loss rate by moving the measured radius (optical depth unity surface during transit) to lower pressures. We revisit the broader question of mass-loss rates for super-puffs and find that the age estimates and mass-loss rates for the majority of super-puffs can be reconciled if hazes move the photosphere from the typically assumed pressure of ~10mbar to ~10{mu}bar.2020AJ....160..201Chttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/160/201CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toVI/39 : Model Atmospheres (Kurucz, 1979)J/ApJ/723/L223 : Radial velocities of HAT-P-11 (Winn+, 2010)J/A+A/529/A75 : Limb-darkening coefficients (Claret+, 2011)J/ApJ/747/35 : HST/WFC3 transit observation of GJ1214b (Berta+, 2012)J/ApJ/790/146 : Planets Kepler's multi-transiting systems (Fabrycky+, 2014)J/ApJ/785/15 : Transit times for Kepler-79's planets (Jontof-Hutter+, 2014)J/ApJS/211/24 : Rotation periods of Kepler MS stars (McQuillan+, 2014)J/ApJS/210/25 : Transit timing variation for 15 planetary pairs. II. (Xie,2014)J/ApJ/806/183 : Planet radii of Kepler Object of Interest (Wolfgang+, 2015)J/A+A/586/A75 : Simulations of hot gas planets atmospheres (Salz+, 2016)J/MNRAS/466/1868 : Neptune-like planets low-density overabund. (Cubillos+ 2017)J/AJ/154/109 : California-Kepler Survey. III. Planet radii (Fulton+, 2017)J/AJ/154/5 : Transit timing variations of 145 Kepler planets (Hadden+, 2017)J/AJ/154/107 : California-Kepler Survey (CKS). I. 1305 stars (Petigura+, 2017)J/AJ/156/264 : California-Kepler Survey. VII. Planet radius gap (Fulton+,2018)J/AJ/158/244 : HAT-P-11b spectroscopic light curve fit results (Chachan+,2019)J/AJ/157/174 : Transiting planets Kepler-47 circumbinary system (Orosz+, 2019)J/ApJ/874/L31 : Giant planet bulk & atmosphere metallicities (Thorngren+, 2019)J/AJ/159/57 : HST spectroscopic LCs of Kepler 51b & 51d (Libby-Roberts+,2020)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/160/201https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/160/201http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/160/201https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/160/201https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/160/201http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/160/201GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/160/201/table6 (Planet properties)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/160/201/table6?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/160/201/table6?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/160/201/table6?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true285.573976738.40088250.0055555555555555566/14751 14757 14762 14774 14824 14920 14966 15115 15134 15172https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/160/201?format=asciiInfrareddefaultJ/AJ/160/201/table3Spectroscopic light curve fit resultsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintWavemin[1.12/1.63] Lower wavelength edge of Bandpassumem.wlfloatWavemax[1.15/1.66] Upper wavelength edge of Bandpassumem.wlfloatWave[1.13/1.65] Mean wavelength edge of Bandpassumem.wlfloatRpR[0.04/0.06] Ratio of the planet's and star's radiiphys.size.radius;arith.ratiodoublee_RpR[0.001/0.002] The 1{sigma} uncertainty in Rp/R*stat.errordoubleDepth[2057/2719] Transit depth of the planet(10-6)phys.absorption.opticalDepthinte_Depth[101/161] 1{sigma} uncertainty in transit depth(10-6)stat.error;phys.absorption.opticalDepthintJ/AJ/160/201/table6Planet propertiesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintPlanetPlanet identificationmeta.id;meta.maincharr_PlanetPlanetary data reference flag (1)meta.ref;pos.framecharMass[1.9/62.1] Planet mass(5.97236x10+24kg)phys.massfloatE_Mass[0.3/10.2] 1{sigma} upper uncertainty in Mass(5.97236x10+24kg)stat.error;stat.maxfloate_Mass[0.2/10.9] 1{sigma} lower uncertainty in Mass(5.97236x10+24kg)stat.error;phys.massfloatRad[2.8/10.1] Planet radius(6.3781x10+6m)phys.size.radiusfloate_Rad[0.1/2.8] The 1{sigma} uncertainty in Rad(6.3781x10+6m)stat.errorfloatrho[0.03/0.95] Planet densityg.cm**-3phys.densityfloatE_rho[0.01/0.69] 1{sigma} upper uncertainty in rhog.cm**-3stat.error;stat.maxfloate_rho[0.01/0.48] 1{sigma} lower uncertainty in rhog.cm**-3stat.errorfloata[0.0752/0.4907] Planet semi-major axisauphys.angSize.smajAxis;src.orbitalfloate_a[0.0008/0.004] The 1{sigma} uncertainty in aaustat.errorfloatSinc[2.6/414.4] Incident stellar fluxEarthphot.flux.densityfloate_Sinc[0.2/57.1] The 1{sigma} uncertainty in SincEarthstat.errorfloat[Age][0.5/11.7] log, Planet agelog(Gyr)time.agefloatE_[Age][0.2/4.2] 1{sigma} upper uncertainty in [Age]log(Gyr)stat.error;stat.maxfloate_[Age][0.2/4.0] 1{sigma} lower uncertainty in [Age]log(Gyr)stat.error;time.agefloat[lifeTime][-2.6/3.4] log, planet atmospheric lifetimelog(Gyr)time.epochfloatE_[lifeTime][0.1/7.2] 1{sigma} upper uncertainty in [lifeTime]log(Gyr)stat.error;stat.maxfloate_[lifeTime][0.1/4.9] 1{sigma} lower uncertainty in [lifeTime]log(Gyr)stat.errorfloatSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RAPosition from SIMBAD (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPosition from SIMBAD (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/AJ/160/201/fig4Transit Time Variations (TTV) posterior samplesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMassbPlanet mass for stellar mass=1 Msun, Kepler-79b (1)(5.97236x10+24kg)phys.massdoublePerbOrbital period, Kepler-79bdtime.perioddoubleesinwbEccentricity vector sinus component, Kepler-79bsrc.orbital.eccentricitydoubleecoswbEccentricity vector cosinus component, Kepler-79bsrc.orbital.eccentricitydoubleT0bFirst transit after epoch, Kepler-79b (2)dtime.epochdoubleMasscPlanet mass for stellar mass=1 Msun, Kepler-79c (1)(5.97236x10+24kg)phys.massdoublePercOrbital period, Kepler-79cdtime.perioddoubleesinwcEccentricity vector sinus component, Kepler-79csrc.orbital.eccentricitydoubleecoswcEccentricity vector cosinus component, Kepler-79csrc.orbital.eccentricitydoubleT0cFirst transit after epoch, Kepler-79c (2)dtime.epochdoubleMassdPlanet mass for stellar mass=1 Msun, Kepler-79d (1)(5.97236x10+24kg)phys.massdoublePerdOrbital period, Kepler-79ddtime.perioddoubleesinwdEccentricity vector sinus component, Kepler-79dsrc.orbital.eccentricitydoubleecoswdEccentricity vector cosinus component, Kepler-79dsrc.orbital.eccentricitydoubleT0dFirst transit after epoch, Kepler-79d (2)dtime.epochdoubleMassePlanet mass for stellar mass=1 Msun, Kepler-79e (1)(5.97236x10+24kg)phys.massdoublePereOrbital period, Kepler-79edtime.perioddoubleesinweEccentricity vector sinus component, Kepler-79esrc.orbital.eccentricitydoubleecosweEccentricity vector cosinus component, Kepler-79esrc.orbital.eccentricitydoubleT0eFirst transit after epoch, Kepler-79e (2)dtime.epochdouble