J/AJ/159/92ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/159/92doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.51590092CDSGreenberg A.H.Margot J.-L.Verma A.K.Taylor P.A.Hodge S.E.2021-06-03T11:21:27Z2020-05-06T08:24:03ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frasteroidsvisible-astronomyradio-sourcesThe Yarkovsky effect is a thermal process acting upon the orbits of small celestial bodies, which can cause these orbits to slowly expand or contract with time. The effect is subtle (<da/dt>~10^-4^au/My for a 1km diameter object) and is thus generally difficult to measure. We analyzed both optical and radar astrometry for 600 Near-Earth Asteroids (NEAs) for the purpose of detecting and quantifying the Yarkovsky effect. We present 247 NEAs with measured drift rates, which is the largest published set of Yarkovsky detections. This large sample size provides an opportunity to examine the Yarkovsky effect in a statistical manner. In particular, we describe two independent population-based tests that verify the measurement of Yarkovsky orbital drift. First, we provide observational confirmation for the Yarkovsky effect's theoretical size dependence of 1/D, where D is diameter. Second, we find that the observed ratio of negative to positive drift rates in our sample is 2.34, which, accounting for bias and sampling uncertainty, implies an actual ratio of 2.7_-0.7_^+0.3^. This ratio has a vanishingly small probability of occurring due to chance or statistical noise. The observed ratio of retrograde to prograde rotators is two times lower than the ratio expected from numerical predictions from NEA population studies and traditional assumptions about the sense of rotation of NEAs originating from various main belt escape routes. We also examine the efficiency with which solar energy is converted into orbital energy and find a median efficiency in our sample of 12%. We interpret this efficiency in terms of NEA spin and thermal properties.2020AJ....159...92Ghttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/159/92CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic servicerelated-toB/astorb : Orbits of Minor Planets (Bowell+ 2014)J/A+A/509/A27 : Near-Earth asteroids & QSOs close approaches (Nedelcu+,2010)J/A+A/511/A40 : Near Earth Asteroids positions (Birlan+, 2010)J/A+A/550/L11 : LCs of Near-Earth Asteroid 162173 (1999 JU3) (Kim+ 2013)J/ApJ/784/110 : NEOWISE obs. of 105 near-Earth objects (Mainzer+, 2014)J/ApJ/792/30 : NEOWISE magnitudes for near-Earth objects (Mainzer+, 2014)J/AJ/152/163 : Mission Accessible Near-Earth Objects Survey (Thirouin+, 2016)J/AJ/154/162 : KMTNet-SAAO obs. of near-Earth asteroids (Erasmus+, 2017)J/MNRAS/469/4400 : Veritas family members Yarkovsky drift rates (Carruba+,2017)J/ApJ/864/L33 : Polarimetric survey of Phaethon with PICO (Shinnaka+, 2018)J/ApJS/239/4 : Near-Earth Object Survey (MANOS): 4yrs phot. (Thirouin+, 2018)J/A+A/609/A105 : 280 one-opposition near Earth asteroids (Vaduvescu+, 2018)J/A+A/619/A123 : LCs of Near-Earth Asteroid 3200 Phaethon (Kim+ 2018)J/A+A/627/A124 : INT near-Earth asteroids spectro. survey (Popescu+, 2019)J/A+A/627/A172 : Near-Earth asteroid (1917) Cuyo opt. & IR obs. (Rozek+,2019)J/AJ/158/196 : Near-Earth Object Survey (MANOS) spectro. (Devogele+, 2019)http://minorplanetcenter.net/ : Minor Planet Center home pagehttp://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?radar : Radar astrometry from JPL home pagehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/159/92https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/159/92http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/159/92https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/159/92https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/159/92http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/159/92GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapOpticalRadiodefaultJ/AJ/159/92/table1Yarkovsky drift measurements for 247 Near-Earth Asteroids (NEAs)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintf_NameFlag(s) on Name (1)meta.codechara[0.64/2.68] Semi-major axisauphys.angSize.smajAxis;src.orbitalfloate[0.03/0.91] Orbital eccentricitysrc.orbital.eccentricityfloatf_DiamFlag on Diam (2)meta.codecharDiam[0.01/37.7] Diameterkmphys.size.diameterfloatNo[96/16850] Number of optical measurements used in the solutionmeta.numberintNr[0/51] Number of radar measurements used in the solutionmeta.numberintda/dt-o[-382/57] Orbit-averaged drift in semi-major axis (optical)0.0001au.Myr**-1src.orbitalfloate_da/dt-o[0.2/170] One-standard-deviation in da/dt0.0001au.Myr**-1stat.errorfloatp-o[1e-16/1.0] The p-value (optical) (3)0.0001au.Myr**-1stat.fit.goodnessfloatda/dt-r[-320/49]? Orbit-averaged drift in semi-major axis (optical+radar)0.0001au.Myr**-1src.orbitalfloatnullablePlanet[433/526798]? Asteroid numbermeta.id;meta.mainintnullableNameAsteroid identifiermeta.idchare_da/dt-r[0.1/157]? One-standard-deviation in da/dt-r0.0001au.Myr**-1stat.errorfloatnullablep-r[1e-16/0.05]? The p-value (optical+radar) (3)0.0001au.Myr**-1stat.fit.goodnessfloatnullablesY[-1/66.3] Yarkovsky sensitivity parameter from Nuget+, 2012AJ....144...60Nsrc.orbitalfloatxi[0.01/4.2] The Yarkovsky efficiency {xi} (4)src.orbitalfloatObs.Y-s[1900/2011] Years of the observation arc startyrtime.epochintObs.Y-e[2004/2019] Years of the observation arc endyrtime.epochintJ/AJ/159/92/table2Yarkovsky drift measurements for 8 Near-Earth Asteroids whose rates require additional verifications because solutions that include pre-1965 astrometry differ from solutions that exclude pre-1965 astrometryrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintPlanet[433/526798]? Asteroid numbermeta.id;meta.mainintnullableNameAsteroid identifiermeta.idcharf_NameFlag(s) on Name (1)meta.codechara[0.64/2.68] Semi-major axisauphys.angSize.smajAxis;src.orbitalfloate[0.03/0.91] Orbital eccentricitysrc.orbital.eccentricityfloatf_DiamFlag on Diam (2)meta.codecharDiam[0.01/37.7] Diameterkmphys.size.diameterfloatNo[96/16850] Number of optical measurements used in the solutionmeta.numberintNr[0/51] Number of radar measurements used in the solutionmeta.numberintda/dt-o[-382/57] Orbit-averaged drift in semi-major axis (optical)0.0001au.Myr**-1src.orbitalfloate_da/dt-o[0.2/170] One-standard-deviation in da/dt0.0001au.Myr**-1stat.errorfloatp-o[1e-16/1.0] The p-value (optical) (3)0.0001au.Myr**-1stat.fit.goodnessfloatda/dt-r[-320/49]? Orbit-averaged drift in semi-major axis (optical+radar)0.0001au.Myr**-1src.orbitalfloatnullablee_da/dt-r[0.1/157]? One-standard-deviation in da/dt-r0.0001au.Myr**-1stat.errorfloatnullablep-r[1e-16/0.05]? The p-value (optical+radar) (3)0.0001au.Myr**-1stat.fit.goodnessfloatnullablesY[-1/66.3] Yarkovsky sensitivity parameter from Nuget+, 2012AJ....144...60Nsrc.orbitalfloatxi[0.01/4.2] The Yarkovsky efficiency {xi} (4)src.orbitalfloatObs.Y-s[1900/2011] Years of the observation arc startyrtime.epochintObs.Y-e[2004/2019] Years of the observation arc endyrtime.epochint