J/AJ/159/63ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/159/63doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.51590063CDSBowler B.P.Blunt S.C.Nielsen E.L.2020-09-30T10:43:48Z2020-04-07T12:14:53ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frexoplanetsbrown-dwarfsstellar-massesstellar-spectral-typesstellar-agesinfrared-astronomyastronomical-reference-materialsThe orbital eccentricities of directly imaged exoplanets and brown dwarf companions provide clues about their formation and dynamical histories. We combine new high-contrast imaging observations of substellar companions obtained primarily with Keck/NIRC2 together with astrometry from the literature to test for differences in the population-level eccentricity distributions of 27 long-period giant planets and brown dwarf companions between 5 and 100au using hierarchical Bayesian modeling. Orbit fits are performed in a uniform manner for companions with short orbital arcs; this typically results in broad constraints for individual eccentricity distributions, but together as an ensemble, these systems provide valuable insight into their collective underlying orbital patterns. The shape of the eccentricity distribution function for our full sample of substellar companions is approximately flat from e=0-1. When subdivided by companion mass and mass ratio, the underlying distributions for giant planets and brown dwarfs show significant differences. Low mass ratio companions preferentially have low eccentricities, similar to the orbital properties of warm Jupiters found with radial velocities and transits. We interpret this as evidence for in situ formation on largely undisturbed orbits within massive extended disks. Brown dwarf companions exhibit a broad peak at e~0.6-0.9 with evidence for a dependence on orbital period. This closely resembles the orbital properties and period-eccentricity trends of wide (1-200au) stellar binaries, suggesting that brown dwarfs in this separation range predominantly form in a similar fashion. We also report evidence that the "eccentricity dichotomy" observed at small separations extends to planets on wide orbits: the mean eccentricity for the multi-planet system HR8799 is lower than for systems with single planets. In the future, larger samples and continued astrometric orbit monitoring will help establish whether these eccentricity distributions correlate with other parameters such as stellar host mass, multiplicity, and age.2020AJ....159...63Bhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/159/63CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)J/ApJ/637/1067 : Near-IR spectral classification T dwarfs (Burgasser+,2006)J/ApJ/703/1511 : Wide binaries in Taurus and Upper Sco (Kraus+, 2009)J/ApJS/181/62 : Survey of young solar analogs (Metchev+, 2009)J/ApJ/693/1084 : Ten new and updated multiplanet systems (Wright+, 2009)J/ApJS/190/1 : A survey of stellar families (Raghavan+, 2010)J/ApJ/725/331 : Astrometry in the Galactic Center (Yelda+, 2010)J/AJ/144/62 : Tertiary companions spectroscopic binaries (Allen+, 2012)J/ApJ/754/44 : The AstraLux Large M-dwarf Survey (Janson+ 2012)J/ApJ/758/56 : Young M dwarfs within 25pc. II. (Shkolnik+, 2012)J/ApJ/745/174 : Evolution models young gas-giant planets (Spiegel+, 2012)J/ApJ/771/129 : Submillimetric Class II sources of Taurus (Andrews+, 2013)J/ApJ/762/88 : Young stellar kinematic group candidate (Malo+, 2013)J/A+A/551/A36 : Metallicity of M dwarfs. III. (Neves+, 2013)J/A+A/562/A127 : Near-IR integral spectra of 15 M-L dwarfs (Bonnefoy+,2014)J/ApJS/211/25 : Spitzer/IRS debris disk catalog. I. (Chen+, 2014)J/ApJ/792/119 : Companions nearby stars from Pan-STARRS 1 (Deacon+, 2014)J/ApJ/795/64 : Catalog exoplanet physical param. (Foreman-Mackey+, 2014)J/ApJS/214/17 : Orbital monitoring of AstraLux binaries (Janson+, 2014)J/ApJS/216/7 : Planets Around Low-Mass Stars (PALMS). IV. (Bowler+, 2015)J/other/Sci/350.64 : 51 Eri b near-infrared spectrum (Macintosh+, 2015)J/MNRAS/449/2618 : (MinMs) survey. I. (Ward-Duong+, 2015)J/ApJS/225/32 : Extended abundance analysis of cool stars (Brewer+, 2016)J/ApJ/821/89 : 12yrs radial velocity obs. exoplanet systems (Bryan+,2016)J/A+A/594/A63 : International Deep Planet Survey results (Galicher+, 2016)J/ApJS/224/2 : K2 EPIC stellar properties 138600 targets (Huber+, 2016)J/MNRAS/456/2070 : Eccentricity distribution wide binaries (Tokovinin+, 2016)J/ApJ/825/19 : Mass-rad. relation for planets with Rp<4 (Wolfgang+, 2016)J/A+A/605/L9 : NIR spectrum of exoplanet HIP 65426b (Chauvin+, 2017)J/A+A/604/A108 : UniDAM results (Mints+, 2017)J/AJ/155/159 : RVs of the late-T dwarf GL 758 B host star (Bowler+, 2018)J/AJ/155/180 : A catalog of cool dwarf targets TESS (Muirhead+, 2018)J/AJ/156/286 : The LEECH exoplanet imaging survey (Stone+, 2018)J/AJ/158/77 : Candidates & memb. Pisces-Eridanus stream (Curtis+, 2019)J/A+A/623/A72 : Binarity of Hipparcos stars Gaia anomaly (Kervella+, 2019)J/A+A/624/A118 : Fitted orbits and parameters of 51 Eridani b (Maire+,2019)J/AJ/158/13 : The first 300 stars observed by the GPIES (Nielsen+, 2019)J/AJ/157/71 : Keck/NIRC2 astrometry for GSC 6214-210 b (Pearce+, 2019)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/159/63https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/159/63http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/159/63https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/159/63https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/159/63http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/159/63GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/159/63/table3 (Results from orbit fits)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/159/63/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/159/63/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/159/63/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true3.5427211-7.1991150.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/AJ/159/63/comp (substellar companions between 2 and 75M_Jup_ and 5-100au exhibiting orbital motion (Table 4) and individual eccentricity distributions (Table 5))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/159/63/comp?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/159/63/comp?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/159/63/comp?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true3.5427083-7.19911110.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/AJ/159/63/table1 (Observations and astrometry of substellar companions)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/159/63/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/159/63/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/159/63/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true102.339166743.75919440.0055555555555555566/265 460 1075 6766 9839 12944 13688 14539 16689 17274 19476 20125 20381 20505 20896 22773 26521 26555 34054 35532 36635 37175 37691 38359 38937 43130 43415 47287 48627https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/159/63?format=asciiInfrareddefaultJ/AJ/159/63/table3Results from orbit fitsSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idchare_e[0.001/0.5] 68.3% c.i. Negative error on e68stat.errorfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintObsNumber of new observations for this source (link to Table 1)meta.numberintnullableeccDisplay the eccentricity distributions for this companion (link to Tables 4+5)meta.numberintnullableIDTarget identificationmeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryNlNumber of astrometry measurements from litterature for this source (link to Table 8)meta.numberintnullablePer[13/7460] Median periodyrtime.period;stat.mediandoublee_Per[0.01/4800] 68.3% c.i. Negative error on Peryrstat.errordoubleE_Per[0.02/3200] 68.3% c.i. Positive error on Peryrstat.error;stat.maxfloatb_Per[13/2360] 95.4% c.i. minimum periodyrtime.period;stat.minfloatB_Per[13/59800] 95.4% c.i. maximum periodyrtime.period;stat.maxdoublea[4/417] Median semi major axisauphys.angSize.smajAxis;src.orbitalfloate_a[0.009/160] 68.3% c.i. Negative error on a68austat.errordoubleE_a[0.009/100] 68.3% c.i. Positive error on a68austat.error;stat.maxdoubleb_a[4/201] 95.4% c.i minimum semi major axisauphys.size.smajAxis;stat.minfloatB_a[4/1320] 95.4% c.i. maximum semi major axisauphys.size.smajAxis;stat.maxfloate[0.14/0.94] Median eccentricitysrc.orbital.eccentricityfloatE_e[0.001/0.42] 68.3% c.i. Positive error on e68stat.error;stat.maxfloatb_e[0/0.86] 95.4% c.i. minimum eccentricitysrc.orbital.eccentricity;stat.minfloatB_e[0.24/1] 95.4% c.i. maximum eccentricitysrc.orbital.eccentricity;stat.maxfloatinc[79/151] Median inclinationdegsrc.orbital.inclination;stat.medianfloate_inc[0.1/40] 68.3% c.i. Negative error on i68degstat.errorfloatE_inc[0.1/38] 68.3% c.i. Positive error on i68degstat.error;stat.maxfloatb_inc[15/130] 95.4% c.i. minimum inclinationdegsrc.orbital.inclination;stat.minfloatB_inc[87/177] 95.4% c.i. minimum inclinationdegsrc.orbital.inclination;stat.minfloatomega[48/168] Argument of periastron ({omega}) (1)degsrc.orbital.periastronfloate_omega[0.3/87] Negative error on omegadegstat.errorfloatE_omega[0.4/74] Positive error on omegadegstat.error;stat.maxfloatOMEGA[12/329] Ascending node ({Omega}) (1)degsrc.orbital.nodefloate_OMEGA[0.1/76] Negative error on OMEGAdegstat.errorfloatE_OMEGA[0.1/100] Positive error on OMEGAdegstat.error;stat.maxfloatTau[0.04/0.99] Time of periastron passage ({tau}) (2)time.epochfloate_Tau[0.01/0.5] Negative error on Taustat.errorfloatE_Tau[0.01/0.5] Positive error on Taustat.error;stat.maxfloat_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainnullable_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainnullableJ/AJ/159/63/compsubstellar companions between 2 and 75M_Jup_ and 5-100au exhibiting orbital motion (Table 4) and individual eccentricity distributions (Table 5)SimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharMcmin[4/40]? Minimum companion mass (3)(1.898187x10+27kg)phys.massintnullableMcmax[10/94]? Maximum companion mass (3)(1.898187x10+27kg)phys.massintnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintObsNumber of new observations for this source (link to Table 1)meta.numberintnullableOrbDisplay the orbit fit results for this source (link to Table 3)meta.numberintnullableIDTarget identification (1)meta.id;meta.maincharNlNumber of astrometry measurements from litterature for this source (link to Table 8)meta.numberintnullableRAJ2000[0/23] Hour of right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainSpT*Spectral type of the host starsrc.spTypecharAgemin[30/6000]? Minimum estimated ageMyrtime.age;stat.minintnullableAgemax[125/10000]? Maximum estimated ageMyrtime.age;stat.maxintnullableAge[5/5000]? Estimated ageMyrtime.ageintnullablee_Age[1/1900]? Negative error on AgeMyrstat.error;time.ageintnullableE_Age[1/2300]? Positive error on AgeMyrstat.error;stat.maxintnullableplx[7/174] Parallaxe from Gaia DR2 ({pi})maspos.parallax.trigdoublee_plx[0.02/0.35] Error on plxmasstat.error;pos.parallaxfloatM*[0.2/2.8] Stellar masssolMassphys.massfloate_M*[0.02/0.2]? Negative error on M*solMassstat.errorfloatnullableE_M*[0.02/0.2] Positive error on M*solMassstat.error;stat.maxfloatf_M*[a] Flag on M* (2)meta.codecharMc[2/73]? Companion mass (3)(1.898187x10+27kg)phys.massfloatnullablee_Mc[0.8/21]? Negative error on Mc(1.898187x10+27kg)stat.errorfloatnullableE_Mc[0.8/14]? Positive error on Mc(1.898187x10+27kg)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullableM2/M1[0.1/17] Mass ratio between the companion and host starphys.massfloate_M2/M1[0.05/5] Negative error on M2/M1stat.errorfloatE_M2/M1[0.05/5] Positive error on M2/M1stat.error;stat.maxfloatSpTcCompanion spectral typesrc.spTypechare_SpTc[0.5/1.5]? Negative error on SpTcstat.errorfloatnullableE_SpTc[0.5/1.5]? Positive error on SpTcstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullableSep[0.2/6.8] Separation in arcsecarcsecpos.angDistancefloatSepau[9/100] Separation in auaupos.angDistanceintIWA/a[0.08/1.6] Ratio between inner working angle and semi-major axis (4)phys.angSize.smajAxisfloatdt/Per[0.002/0.53] Fractional orbital coverage ({Delta}t/P) (5)src.orbitalfloatRefReference(s) (see refs.dat file)meta.ref;pos.framechare-med[0.08/0.94] Median eccentricitysrc.orbital.eccentricityfloate-MAP[0.02/0.98] Maximum a posteriori probability eccentricitysrc.orbital.eccentricityfloate68min[0/0.91] 68% c.i. minimum eccentricitysrc.orbital.eccentricityfloate68max[0.13/0.99] 68% c.i. maximum eccentricitysrc.orbital.eccentricityfloate95min[0/0.86] 95% c.i. minimum eccentricitysrc.orbital.eccentricityfloate95max[0.16/0.99] 95% c.i. maximum eccentricitysrc.orbital.eccentricityfloatDataCode associates to data (1)meta.codecharRef2Orbit fit referencesmeta.ref;pos.framecharJ/AJ/159/63/table1Observations and astrometry of substellar companionsSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharNf[3/160] Number of framesmeta.numberintCoadd[1/100] Coaddsmeta.numberintrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDTarget identificationmeta.id;meta.maincharTelTelescope used (Keck/NIRC2, 17 occurrences or Subaru/HiCIAO, 1 occurrence)instr.setupcharObs[2011/2019] UT year of observationtime.epoch;obsEpoch[2011/2020] Epoch of observationtime.epochdoubleFiltFilter used (H or K_S_)instr.setup;instr.filtercharCorCoronograph usedmeta.id;instrcharExp[0.01/60] Exposition timestime.duration;obs.exposurefloattheta[3/119]? Rotation angle ({theta})degpos.posAngintnullableSep[361/5609] Separation ({rho})maspos.angDistancefloate_Sep[1.7/15] Error on Sepmasstat.errorfloatPA[19/354] Position angledegpos.posAngfloate_PA[0.1/0.7] Error on PAdegstat.errorfloatS/N[9/816] Signal to noise ratio of the companion detectionstat.snrint_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainnullable_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainnullableJ/AJ/159/63/table8Literature astrometryrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDTarget identificationmeta.id;meta.maincharEpoch[1998.31/2018.72] Epoch in decimal yearsyrtime.epochdoubleSep[177/5670] Separationmaspos.angDistancefloate_Sep[0.2/100] Uncertainty in Sepmasstat.errorfloatPA[1.8/359.16] Position angledegpos.posAngfloate_PA[0.01/8.5] Uncetainty in Pdegstat.errorfloatAuthFirst author's name(s) of the referencemeta.bib.authorcharBibCodeBibcode of the referencemeta.bib.bibcodecharJ/AJ/159/63/refsReferences for Table 4recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRefReference codemeta.noteintBibCodeBibcode of the referencemeta.bib.bibcodecharAuthFirst author's name(s)meta.bib.authorcharCommCommentmeta.notechar