J/AJ/159/60ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/159/60doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.51590060CDSGunther M.N.Zhan Z.Seager S.Rimmer P.B.Ranjan S.Stassun K.G.,Oelkers R.J.Daylan T.Newton E.Kristiansen M.H.Olah K.Gillen E.,Rappaport S.Ricker G.R.Vanderspek R.K.Latham D.W.Winn J.N.,Jenkins J.M.Glidden A.Fausnaugh M.Levine A.M.Dittmann J.A.,Quinn S.N.Krishnamurthy A.Ting E.B.2021-07-01T13:14:41Z2020-04-22T15:34:24ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frstellar-flaresm-starsvisible-astronomysurveyseffective-temperaturestellar-radiistellar-spectral-typesWe perform a study of stellar flares for the 24809 stars observed with 2 minute cadence during the first two months of the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission. Flares may erode exoplanets' atmospheres and impact their habitability, but might also trigger the genesis of life around small stars. TESS provides a new sample of bright dwarf stars in our galactic neighborhood, collecting data for thousands of M dwarfs that might host habitable exoplanets. Here, we use an automated search for flares accompanied by visual inspection. Then, our public allesfitter code robustly selects the appropriate model for potentially complex flares via Bayesian evidence. We identify 1228 flaring stars, 673 of which are M dwarfs. Among 8695 flares in total, the largest superflare increased the stellar brightness by a factor of 16.1. Bolometric flare energies range from 10^31.0^ to 10^36.9^erg, with a median of 10^33.1^erg. Furthermore, we study the flare rate and energy as a function of stellar type and rotation period. We solidify past findings that fast rotating M dwarfs are the most likely to flare and that their flare amplitude is independent of the rotation period. Finally, we link our results to criteria for prebiotic chemistry, atmospheric loss through coronal mass ejections, and ozone sterilization. Four of our flaring M dwarfs host exoplanet candidates alerted on by TESS, for which we discuss how these effects can impact life. With upcoming TESS data releases, our flare analysis can be expanded to almost all bright small stars, aiding in defining criteria for exoplanet habitability.2020AJ....159...60Ghttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/159/60CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toIV/38 : TESS Input Catalog - v8.0 (TIC-8) (Stassun+, 2019)J/AJ/128/463 : A 20pc census from the NLTT catalogue (Reid+, 2004)J/AJ/135/785 : SDSS-DR5 low-mass star spectroscopic sample (West+, 2008)J/AJ/141/50 : White-light flares cool stars from Kepler (Walkowicz+, 2011)J/other/Nat/485.478 : Superflares on solar-type stars (Maehara+, 2012)J/ApJS/207/15 : M dwarf flare spectra (Kowalski+, 2013)J/ApJS/208/9 : Intrinsic colors & temperatures of PMS stars (Pecaut+, 2013)J/ApJS/209/5 : Superflares of Kepler stars. I. (Shibayama+, 2013)J/MNRAS/445/2268 : Bayesian method for detecting stellar flares (Pitkin+, 2014)J/ApJ/812/3 : MEarth mid-to-late M dwarfs rotat. & kinematics (West+,2015)J/ApJ/814/91 : Comparative habitability of exoplanets (Barnes+, 2015)J/ApJ/814/35 : Flare events in M dwarf of M37 (Chang+, 2015)J/ApJ/829/23 : Stellar flares from Q0-Q17 Kepler LCs (Davenport, 2016)J/ApJ/821/93 : Rotation & Galactic kinematics mid M dwarfs (Newton+, 2016)J/MNRAS/463/1844 : M dwarfs rotation-activity relation (Stelzer+, 2016)J/A+A/600/A13 : HARPS M dwarf magnetic activity (Astudillo-Defru+, 2017)J/AJ/153/93 : MOST photometry of Proxima (Kipping+, 2017)J/ApJ/834/85 : H{alpha} emission in nearby M dwarfs (Newton+, 2017)J/ApJS/232/26 : Catalog of Kepler flare stars (Van Doorsselaere+, 2017)J/ApJ/843/31 : MUSCLES Treasury Survey. IV. (Youngblood+, 2017)J/MNRAS/465/1789 : SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey (Geach+, 2017)J/AJ/156/217 : Properties for M dwarfs in MEarth-South (Newton+, 2018)J/AJ/155/39 : Variability properties of TIC sources KELT (Oelkers+, 2018)J/ApJS/241/12 : The Asteroseismic Target List (ATL) TESS (Schofield+, 2019)http://archive.stsci.edu/prepds/tess-data-alerts/ : TESS data alerts home pagehttp://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/tess : NASA's TESS home pagehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/159/60https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/159/60http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/159/60https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/159/60https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/159/60http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/159/60GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/159/60/table2 (Catalog of all flaring stars found in TESS sectors 1 and 2)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/159/60/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/159/60/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/159/60/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true356.3803-16.17220.0055555555555555565/4122 8238 8241 8295 8727 9257 9259 9390 9737 9738 12120 6/16387 16395 16397 16400 16408 16409 16426 16433 16440 16448 16454 16455 16461 16464 16473 16475 16484 16486 16497 16500 16502 16504 16511 16514 16515 16523 16525 16527 16536 16543 16547 16551 16553 16558 16568 16575 16576 16588 16592 16593 16601 16609 16618 16622 16629 16630 16631 16634 16637 16770 16800 16802 16803 16901 16903 16910 16917 16929 16930 16941 16948 16949 16958 16961 16969 16977 16978 16982 16983 16993 16997 16999 17018 17019 17020 17022 17037 17038 17048 17058 17059 17070 17072 17075 17078 17080 17087 17095 17097 17099 17107 17115 17121 17124 17137 17139 17141 17145 17154 17155 17156 17163 17166 17185 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48196 48206 48212 48214 48216 48234 48237 48243 48252 48253 48263 48273 48274 48279 48286 48287 48318 48321 48325 48341 48348 48349 48351 48358 48359 48361 48388 48392 48393 48397 48399 48404 48417 48418 48425 48428 48432 48444 48450 48453 48461 48490 48518 48520 48529https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/159/60?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/AJ/159/60/table2Catalog of all flaring stars found in TESS sectors 1 and 2SimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharNfl[1/109] Number of flaresmeta.numberintSec[1/2] TESS sectormeta.id;obsintrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTIC[2760232/471015484] TESS input catalog identifiermeta.id;meta.mainlongprimaryNout[1/77] Number of outburstsmeta.numberintAmp_max[0.001/16] Flare amplitude, relative, maximumsrc.var.amplitudedoubleAmp_mean[0.0009/6.6] Flare amplitude, relative, meansrc.var.amplitudedoubleFWHMdt_max[0.00022/0.08] Full-width at half-maximum, maximum durationdtime.intervaldoubleFWHMdt_mean[0.00022/0.06] Full-width at half-maximum, mean durationdtime.intervaldoubleEbol_max[1e+31/9e+36]? Bolometric energy, max; in erg units1e-07Jphys.energydoublenullableEbol_mean[1e+31/5e+36]? Bolometric energy, mean; in erg units1e-07Jphys.energydoublenullableMCME_max[1e+19/3e+22]? Possible mass of a coronal mass ejection post flare, maxgphys.massdoublenullableMCME_mean[1e+19/2e+22]? Possible mass of a coronal mass ejection post flare, meangphys.massdoublenullableTmag[3.7/17] TESS magnitude, starmagphot.mag;em.optdoubleTeff[2801/31000]? Stellar effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintnullableRad[0.11/46]? Stellar radiussolRadphys.size.radiusdoublenullablelogg[3.6/5.6]? Log, surface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravitydoublenullableSpTSpectral Typesrc.spTypecharProt-t[0.003/5]? Rotation period extracted, TESSdtime.perioddoublenullableProt-k[0.51/46]? Rotation period extracted, KELTdtime.perioddoublenullableProt[0.0033/39]? Accepted rotational perioddtime.perioddoublenullableaFFD[-3.6/-0.27]? Fit slope ({alpha}FFD), log10(flare rate) vs log10(Ebol)stat.fit.paramfloatnullablebFFD[8.3/117]? Fit intercept ({beta}FFD), log10(flare rate) vs log10(Ebol)stat.fit.paramfloatnullableChem[0/1] Trigger prebiotic chemistry code (1=yes; 14 occurrences)meta.codeintO3cons[0/1] Ozone depletion, conservative threshold code (1=yes; 22 occurrences)meta.codeintO3perm[0/1] Ozone depletion, permissive threshold code (1=yes; 100 occurrences)meta.codeintDup[0/471015484] TESS ID of duplicatemeta.idlong_RAPositions from the TIC-v8 catalog (IV/38) (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from the TIC-v8 catalog (IV/38) (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/AJ/159/60/table1Catalog of all individual flares found in the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) sectors 1 and 2Flare[1/5] Flare numbermeta.idintOutbst[1/58] Outburst numbermeta.idintrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTIC[2760232/471015484] TESS input catalog identifiermeta.id;meta.mainlongSec[1/2] TESS sectormeta.id;obsinttpeak[2458325/2458382] Peak time, posterior median, flare, Barycentric Julian Datedtime.epoch;stat.mediandoublee_tpeak[2e-6/0.046] Lower uncertainty on tpeakdstat.errordoubleE_tpeak[2e-6/0.065] Upper uncertainty on tpeakdstat.error;stat.maxdoubleAmp[0.00065/16] Flare amplitude, relativesrc.var.amplitude;arith.ratiodoublee_Amp[7e-5/3.4] Lower uncertainty on Ampstat.errordoubleE_Amp[7e-5/1.5] Upper uncertainty on Ampstat.error;stat.maxdoubleFWHMdt[0.0001/0.08] Full-width at half-maximum, flare durationdtime.intervaldoublee_FWHMdt[2e-05/0.05] Lower uncertainty on FWHMdtdstat.errordoubleE_FWHMdt[2e-05/0.08] Upper uncertainty on FWHMdtdstat.error;stat.maxdoubleEbol[1e+30/9e+36]? Bolometric energy, flare; in erg units1e-07Jphys.energydoublenullablee_Ebol[1e+30/2e+36]? Lower uncertainty on Ebol1e-07Jstat.errordoublenullableE_Ebol[1e+30/4e+36]? Upper uncertainty on Ebol1e-07Jstat.error;stat.maxdoublenullableMCME[1e+18/3e+22]? Possible mass of a coronal mass ejection post flaregphys.massdoublenullablee_MCME[1e+18/3e+22]? Lower uncertainty on MCMEgstat.errordoublenullableE_MCME[1e+19/2e+24]? Upper uncertainty on MCMEgstat.error;stat.maxdoublenullableTmag[3/17] TESS magnitude, starmagphot.mag;em.optdoubleTeff[2801/31000]? Stellar effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintnullableRad[0.1/46]? Stellar radiussolRadphys.size.radiusdoublenullablelogg[3.6/5.6]? Log, surface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravitydoublenullableSpTSpectral Typesrc.spTypecharProt-t[0.003/5]? Rotation period extracted, TESSdtime.perioddoublenullableProt-k[0.5/46]? Rotation period extracted, KELTdtime.perioddoublenullableProt[0.003/39]? Accepted rotational perioddtime.perioddoublenullableaFFD[-3.6/-0.27]? Fit slope ({alpha}FFD), log10(flare rate) vs log10(Ebol)stat.fit.paramfloatnullablebFFD[8.3/117]? Fit intercept ({beta}FFD), log10(flare rate) vs log10(Ebol)stat.fit.paramfloatnullableChem[0/1] Trigger prebiotic chemistry code (1=yes; 122 occurrences)meta.codeintO3cons[0/1] Ozone depletion, conservative threshold code (1=yes; 340 occurrences)meta.codeintO3perm[0/1] Ozone depletion, permissive threshold code (1=yes; 1291 occurrences)meta.codeintDup[0/471015484] TESS ID of duplicatemeta.idlong