J/AJ/159/57ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/159/57doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.51590057CDSLibby-Roberts J.E.Berta-Thompson Z.K.Desert J.-M.Masuda K.,Morley C.V.Lopez E.D.Deck K.M.Fabrycky D.Fortney J.J.Line M.R.,Sanchis-Ojeda R.Winn J.N.2022-05-11T09:01:14Z2020-04-03T13:35:37ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frexoplanetsinfrared-astronomyspectroscopyThe Kepler mission revealed a class of planets known as "super-puffs," with masses only a few times larger than Earth's but radii larger than Neptune, giving them very low mean densities. All three of the known planets orbiting the young solar-type star Kepler 51 are super-puffs. The Kepler 51 system thereby provides an opportunity for a comparative study of the structures and atmospheres of this mysterious class of planets, which may provide clues about their formation and evolution. We observed two transits each of Kepler 51b and 51d with the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) on the Hubble Space Telescope. Combining new WFC3 transit times with reanalyzed Kepler data and updated stellar parameters, we confirmed that all three planets have densities lower than 0.1g/cm^3^. We measured the WFC3 transmission spectra to be featureless between 1.15 and 1.63{mu}m, ruling out any variations greater than 0.6 scale heights (assuming a H/He-dominated atmosphere), thus showing no significant water absorption features. We interpreted the flat spectra as the result of a high-altitude aerosol layer (pressure <3mbar) on each planet. Adding this new result to the collection of flat spectra that have been observed for other sub-Neptune planets, we find support for one of the two hypotheses introduced by Crossfield & Kreidberg (2017AJ....154..261C), that planets with cooler equilibrium temperatures have more high-altitude aerosols. We strongly disfavor their other hypothesis that the H/He mass fraction drives the appearance of large-amplitude transmission features.2020AJ....159...57Lhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/159/57CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic servicerelated-toII/246 : 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)V/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)I/337 : Gaia DR1 (Gaia Collaboration, 2016)I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)J/A+A/331/81 : Hyades membership (Perryman+ 1998)J/AJ/142/112 : KIC photometric calibration (Brown+, 2011)J/ApJ/736/19 : Kepler planetary candidates. II. (Borucki+, 2011)J/ApJ/747/35 : HST/WFC3 transit observation of GJ1214b (Berta+, 2012)J/ApJ/750/113 : Kepler TTVs. II. Confirmed multiplanet systems (Ford+, 2012)J/ApJ/775/L11 : Stellar rotation periods for KOIs (McQuillan+, 2013)J/ApJS/210/19 : Kepler planetary candidates. IV. 22 months (Burke+, 2014)J/ApJS/214/25 : Rosseland & Planck gaseous mean opacities (Freedman+, 2014)J/ApJ/785/15 : Transit times for Kepler-79's planets (Jontof-Hutter+, 2014)J/ApJS/217/31 : Kepler planetary candidates. VI. 4yr Q1-Q16 (Mullally+, 2015)J/AJ/154/5 : Transit timing variations of 145 Kepler planets (Hadden+, 2017)J/AJ/154/108 : California-Kepler Survey (CKS). II. Properties (Johnson+, 2017)J/AJ/153/142 : Radial velocities systems hosting sub-Saturns (Petigura+, 2017)J/AJ/156/264 : California-Kepler Survey. VII. Planet radius gap (Fulton+,2018)J/A+A/616/A10 : 46 open clusters GaiaDR2 HR diagrams (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)J/AJ/157/174 : Transiting planets Kepler-47 circumbinary system (Orosz+, 2019)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/159/57https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/159/57http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/159/57https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/159/57https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/159/57http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/159/57GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapInfrareddefaultJ/AJ/159/57/table3HST Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) spectroscopic light curve dataF1271-1294[0.987/1.008] Relative spectrum flux from 1.271-1.294{mu}mphot.fluxdoubleF1579-1602[0.98/1.1] Relative spectrum flux from 1.579-1.602{mu}mphot.fluxdoublerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintID[bd] Planet identifier (1)meta.id;meta.maincharBJD[2457294/2457780] Barycentric Julian date at TDB of mid-exposuredtime.epochdoubleF1152-1176[0.986/1.009] Relative spectrum flux from 1.152-1.176{mu}mphot.fluxdoublee_F1152-1176[0.002/0.003] Relative spectrum flux uncertainty from 1.152-1.176{mu}mstat.errordoubleF1176-1200[0.986/1.007] Relative spectrum flux from 1.176-1.200{mu}mphot.fluxdoublee_F1176-1200[0.002/0.003] Relative spectrum flux uncertainty from 1.176-1.200{mu}mstat.errordoubleF1200-1223[0.985/1.008] Relative spectrum flux from 1.200-1.223{mu}mphot.fluxdoublee_F1200-1223[0.001/0.003] Relative spectrum flux uncertainty from 1.200-1.223{mu}mstat.errordoubleF1223-1247[0.986/1.007] Relative spectrum flux from 1.223-1.247{mu}mphot.fluxdoublee_F1223-1247[0.001/0.002] Relative spectrum flux uncertainty from 1.223-1.247{mu}mstat.errordoubleF1247-1271[0.985/1.009] Relative spectrum flux from 1.247-1.271{mu}mphot.fluxdoublee_F1247-1271[0.001/0.002] Relative spectrum flux uncertainty from 1.247-1.271{mu}mstat.errordoublee_F1271-1294[0.001/0.002] Relative spectrum flux uncertainty from 1.271-1.294{mu}mstat.errordoubleF1294-1318[0.985/1.008] Relative spectrum flux from 1.294-1.318{mu}mphot.fluxdoublee_F1294-1318[0.001/0.002] Relative spectrum flux uncertainty from 1.294-1.318{mu}mstat.errordoubleF1318-1342[0.986/1.008] Relative spectrum flux from 1.318-1.342{mu}mphot.fluxdoublee_F1318-1342[0.001/0.002] Relative spectrum flux uncertainty from 1.318-1.342{mu}mstat.errordoubleF1342-1366[0.986/1.007] Relative spectrum flux from 1.342-1.366{mu}mphot.fluxdoublee_F1342-1366[0.001/0.002] Relative spectrum flux uncertainty from 1.342-1.366{mu}mstat.errordoubleF1366-1389[0.985/1.008] Relative spectrum flux from 1.366-1.389{u}mphot.fluxdoublee_F1366-1389[0.001/0.002] Relative spectrum flux uncertainty from 1.366-1.389{mu}mstat.errordoubleF1389-1413[0.986/1.008] Relative spectrum flux from 1.389-1.413{mu}mphot.fluxdoublee_F1389-1413[0.001/0.002] Relative spectrum flux uncertainty from 1.389-1.413{mu}mstat.errordoubleF1413-1437[0.986/1.008] Relative spectrum flux from 1.413-1.437{mu}mphot.fluxdoublee_F1413-1437[0.001/0.002] Relative spectrum flux uncertainty from 1.413-1.437{mu}mstat.errordoubleF1437-1460[0.987/1.008] Relative spectrum flux from 1.437-1.460{mu}mphot.fluxdoublee_F1437-1460[0.001/0.003] Relative spectrum flux uncertainty from 1.437-1.460{mu}mstat.errordoubleF1460-1484[0.987/1.007] Relative spectrum flux from 1.460-1.484{mu}mphot.fluxdoublee_F1460-1484[0.001/0.003] Relative spectrum flux uncertainty from 1.460-1.484{mu}mstat.errordoubleF1484-1508[0.986/1.009] Relative spectrum flux from 1.484-1.508{mu}mphot.fluxdoublee_F1484-1508[0.001/0.003] Relative spectrum flux uncertainty from 1.484-1.508{mu}mstat.errordoubleF1508-1531[0.984/1.01] Relative spectrum flux from 1.508-1.531{mu}mphot.fluxdoublee_F1508-1531[0.002/0.003] Relative spectrum flux uncertainty from 1.508-1.531{mu}mstat.errordoubleF1531-1555[0.985/1.008] Relative spectrum flux from 1.531-1.555{mu}mphot.fluxdoublee_F1531-1555[0.002/0.003] Relative spectrum flux uncertainty from 1.531-1.555{mu}mstat.errordoubleF1555-1579[0.985/1.01] Relative spectrum flux from 1.555-1.579{mu}mphot.fluxdoublee_F1555-1579[0.002/0.003] Relative spectrum flux uncertainty from 1.555-1.579{mu}mstat.errordoublee_F1579-1602[0.002/0.003] Relative spectrum flux uncertainty from 1.579-1.602{mu}mstat.errordoubleF1602-1625[0.986/1.009] Relative spectrum flux from 1.602-1.625{mu}mphot.fluxdoublee_F1602-1625[0.002/0.003] Relative spectrum flux uncertainty from 1.602-1.625{mu}mstat.errordoubleSky[0.73/1.9] Sky background, in photoelectrons/pixel/scount.pixel**-1.s**-1instr.backgrounddoubleYpos[-0.24/0.26] Vertical centroid of the spectral trace on the detectorpixpos.cartesian.z;instr.detdoubleSlope[0.007/0.01] Slope of the spectral trace on the detectors; in pixels/pixel unitsarith.graddoubleWidth[0.72/0.78] Width of the spectral trace on the detectorpixinstr.setupdoubleNvis[1/2] Visit Numbermeta.idintJ/AJ/159/57/table9*Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) samples from our transit timing variations (TTV) analysisrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMb/M*Planet "b" to star mass ratiophys.mass;arith.ratiodoublePerb[45.1528/45.156] Orbital period, planet "b"dtime.perioddoubleecoswb[-0.21/0.03] Sqrt(e_b_)Cos({omega}_b_), planet "b" (1)src.orbitaldoubleesinwb[-0.3/0.05] Sqrt(e_b_)Sin({omega}_b_), planet "b" (1)src.orbitaldoubleT0b[159.1/159.2] Time, first inferior conjunction, planet "b" (2)dtime.epochdoubleMc/M*Planet "c" to star mass ratiophys.mass;arith.ratiodoublePerc[85.3/85.321] Orbital period, planet "c"dtime.perioddoubleecoswc[-0.173/0.235] Sqrt(e_c_)Cos({omega}_c_), planet "c" (1)src.orbitaldoubleesinwc[-0.312/0.19] Sqrt(e_c_)Sin({omega}_c_), planet "c" (1)src.orbitaldoubleT0c[295.309/295.332] Time, first inferior conjunction, planet "c" (2)dtime.epochdoubleMd/M*Planet "d" to star mass ratiophys.mass;arith.ratiodoublePerd[130.1819/130.188] Orbital Period, planet "d"dtime.perioddoubleecoswd[-0.17/0.21] Sqrt(e_d_)Cos({omega}_d_), planet "d" (1)src.orbitaldoubleesinwd[-0.282/0.17] Sqrt(e_d_)Sin({omega}_d_), planet "d" (1)src.orbitaldoubleT0d[212.021/212.0261] Time, first inferior conjunction, planet "d" (2)dtime.epochdouble