J/AJ/159/235ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/159/235doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.51590235CDSLuhn J.K.Wright J.T.Howard A.W.Isaacson H.2021-09-13T14:33:22Z2020-06-30T06:32:07ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frexoplanetsvisible-astronomyspectroscopyradial-velocityRadial velocity (RV) detection of planets is hampered by astrophysical processes on the surfaces of stars that induce a stochastic signal, or "jitter," which can drown out or even mimic planetary signals. Here, we empirically and carefully measure the RV jitter of more than 600 stars from the California Planet Search sample on a star by star basis. As part of this process, we explore the activity-RV correlation of stellar cycles and include appendices listing every ostensibly companion-induced signal we removed and every activity cycle we noted. We then use precise stellar properties from Brewer+, 2017ApJS..230...12B to separate the sample into bins of stellar mass and examine trends with activity and with evolutionary state. We find that RV jitter tracks stellar evolution and that in general, stars evolve through different stages of RV jitter: the jitter in younger stars is driven by magnetic activity, while the jitter in older stars is convectively driven and dominated by granulation and oscillations. We identify the "jitter minimum"-where activity-driven and convectively driven jitter have similar amplitudes-for stars between 0.7 and 1.7M{sun} and find that more-massive stars reach this jitter minimum later in their lifetime, in the subgiant or even giant phases. Finally, we comment on how these results can inform future RV efforts, from prioritization of follow-up targets from transit surveys like the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) to target selection of future RV surveys.2020AJ....159..235Lhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/159/235CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toIII/159 : Ca II H and K Measurements Made at MWO (Duncan+ 1991)IV/38 : TESS Input Catalog - v8.0 (TIC-8) (Stassun+, 2019)J/A+A/390/267 : The CORALIE survey for extrasolar planets VIII (Udry+, 2002)J/A+A/415/391 : The CORALIE survey for extrasolar planets. XII (Mayor+, 2004)J/ApJS/159/141 : Spectroscopic properties of cool stars. I. (Valenti+, 2005)J/ApJ/646/505 : Catalog of nearby exoplanets (Butler+, 2006)J/PASP/118/1690 : Spitzer solar-type stars list (Meyer+, 2006)J/ApJ/654/625 : Radial velocities of 9 long-period objects (Wittenmyer+,2007)J/ApJ/687/1264 : Age estimation for solar-type dwarfs (Mamajek+, 2008)J/A+A/480/L33 : Radial velocities of HD 4113 and HD 156846 (Tamuz+, 2008)J/A+A/503/601 : HD17156 transit photo. & radial velocities (Barbieri+, 2009)J/A+A/496/527 : Radial velocity curves of HD47186 and HD181433 (Bouchy+,2009)J/A+A/498/L5 : Photometry and spectroscopy of HD 80606b (Moutou+, 2009)J/ApJS/182/97 : Radial velocities of multi-planet systems (Wittenmyer+, 2009)J/ApJ/693/1084 : Ten new and updated multiplanet systems (Wright+, 2009)J/A+A/513/A69 : HD9446 radial velocity curve (Hebrard+, 2010)J/ApJ/725/875 : Chromospheric activity for CPS stars (Isaacson+, 2010)J/A+A/512/A48 : HARPS RV of HD125612, HD215497, HIP5158 (Lo Curto+, 2010)J/ApJ/708/1366 : Radial velocities for 61 Vir (Vogt+, 2010)J/ApJ/727/117 : Radial velocities of 4 exoplanet candidates (Meschiari+,2011)J/A+A/526/A111 : Radial velocity of HD85390, 90156 & 103197 (Mordasini+, 2011)J/A+A/534/A58 : HD20794, HD85512, HD192310 HARPS RVs (Pepe+, 2011)J/A+A/545/A55 : Extrasolar planets. Radial velocities 5 stars (Boisse+, 2012)J/A+A/538/A113 : Extrasolar planets. Radial velocities of 8 stars (Diaz+,2012)J/ApJ/761/46 : HD 37605 radial velocities and photometry (Wang+, 2012)J/ApJ/767/127 : Asteroseismic solutions for 77 Kepler stars (Huber+, 2013)J/ApJ/776/67 : Rotational tracks (van Saders+, 2013)J/ApJ/788/L9 : Stellar parameters of KIC planet-host stars (Bastien+, 2014)J/ApJ/786/2 : Spitzer photometric time series HD97658 (Van Grootel+, 2014)J/ApJ/800/135 : HARPS-N radial velocities of KOI-69 (Dressing+, 2015)J/ApJS/225/32 : Extended abundance analysis of cool stars (Brewer+, 2016)J/ApJ/821/89 : 12yrs of radial velocity obs. exoplanet systems (Bryan+,2016)J/A+A/585/A134 : HD1461, HD40307, and HD204313 radial velocities (Diaz+, 2016)J/ApJ/830/46 : RVs of 3 Neptune-mass planet hosts (Fulton+, 2016)J/A+A/588/A145 : Radial velocities 8 stars with giant planets (Hebrard+, 2016)J/ApJ/817/104 : Keck/HIRES radial velocity obs. of HD32963 (Rowan+, 2016)J/AJ/153/208 : LCES HIRES/Keck RVs Exoplanet Survey (Butler+, 2017)J/ApJ/835/25 : Calibrated solar S-index time series (Egeland+, 2017)J/AJ/153/215 : Photometry and spectroscopy of KELT-11 (Pepper+, 2017)J/AJ/155/126 : Radial velocities & photom. of K dwarf HD26965 (Diaz+, 2018)J/ApJ/860/109 : Keck HIRES obs. of 245 subgiants (Ghezzi+, 2018)J/AJ/157/149 : Transit parameters for planets around subgiants (Luhn+, 2019)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/159/235https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/159/235http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/159/235https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/159/235https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/159/235http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/159/235GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/159/235/table3 (RV jitter and analysis)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/159/235/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/159/235/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/159/235/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true1.4689372-41.75306830.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/AJ/159/235/table2 (Orbital parameters of Keplerian signals subtracted from Radial Velocities (RV) time series)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/159/235/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/159/235/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/159/235/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true4.4952878-13.45564140.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/AJ/159/235/table1 (Summary of additional non-Keck-HIRES (High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer) velocities)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/159/235/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/159/235/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/159/235/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true4.8211114.05475580.0055555555555555566/49 60 75 100 174 181 188 257 276 292 309 311 400 414 475 548 679 684 701 712 742 748 753 766 814-815 819 824 841 934 944 957 987 1058 1184 1186 1201 1237 1288 1339 1341 1415 1508 1530 1576-1577 1603 1642 1808 1817 1827 1875 1907 1940 1975 1997 2072 2110 2152 2273 2279 2299 2374 2456 2463 2490 2497 2577 2651 2810 2816 3020 3095 3102 3166 3296 3372 3639 3691 3780 3876 3925 3981 4136 4156 4285-4286 4321 4345 4377 4422 4429 4599 4634 4665 4766 4839 4993 5067 5095 5304 5308-5309 5434 5451 5522 5553 5556 5572 5726 5836 5872 5985 6006 6226 6269 6287 6308 6409 6489 6522 6584 6662 6687 6739 6760 6766 6791 6821 6831 6926 7136 7229 7240 7250 7299 7345 7352 7434 7746 7763 7803 7866 7868 7978 8094 8224 8268 8319 8357 8380 8466 8663 8785 8790 8792 8881 8918 9102 9365 9391 9403 9459 9492 9594 9656 9662 9679 9753 9801 9810 9843 9873 9883 9928 9934 10004 10079 10238 10548 10550 10567 10598 10649 10812 10854 10899 10914 11126 11165 11412 11461 11510 11589 11633 11713 11734 11856 11946 12146 12203 12228 12306 12312 12341 12352 12388 12418 12467 12477 12556 12612 12640 12644 12654 12676 12792 12846 12856 12890 12899 12922 12944 12983 13025 13117 13122 13134 13423 13487 13568 13650 13684 13749 13946 14089 14129 14131 14140 14155 14180 14290 14305 14412 14416 14419 14434 14502 14539 14548 14568 14767 15030 15044 15104 15174 15178 15221 15227 15290 15362 15546 15549 16164 16185 16342 16350 16627 16639 16652 16678 16689 16776 16783 16798 16883 16892 16956 17187 17218 17266 17314 17341 17425-17426 17453 17486 17507 17606-17607 17623 17637 17730-17731 17812 17888 17944 17999 18005 18028 18059 18139 18172 18315 18373 18441 18521 18614 18640 18650 18658 18711 18722 18779 18821 18947 18953 18976 19002 19291 19327 19350 19488 19509 19649 19669 19796 19904 19945 20145 20177 20217 20269 20328 20332 20338 20402 20593 20605 20621 20641 20665 20701 20716 20732 20739 20746 20872 21003 21117 21153 21185 21223 21233 21406 21477 21484 21550 21673 21703 21726 21779 21906 22036 22111 22125 22157 22159 22252 22408 22539 22571 22590 22646 22708 22800 22878 22982 23013 23018 23030 23140 23177 23187 23322 23328 23367 23382 23414 23497 23506 23513 23583 23636 23646 23665 23681 23710 23739 23758 23780 23893 23938 23940 24005 24016 24019 24028 24105 24178 24212 24255 24312 24713 24729 24731 24924 24991 25078 25102 25114 25127 25192 25225 25407 25446 25521 25571 25595 25707 25729 25875 25880 25906 25939 25966 26160 26183 26242 26268 26379 26473 26496 26551 26575 26652 26707 26727 26745 26761 26779 26828 26906 26938 26978 26997 27018-27019 27060 27088 27164 27314 27395 27475 27608 27758 27943 28009 28041 28085 28122 28180 28245 28258 28392 28395 28400 28605 28763 28792 28987 29084 29291 29349 29413 29513 29541 29640 29852 30015 30066 30170 30278 30378 30419 30526 30529 30540 30579 30665 30707 30837 30848 30878 30905 30919 31029 31104 31145 31197 31425 31449 31478 31494 31571 31606 31689 31860 32083 32282 32318 32561 32575 32645 32757 34282 34673 34717 34739 34773 35497 35740 35776 35811 35865 35958 36029 36092 36115 36158 36162 36171 36292 36295 36323 36347 36365 36390 36506 36562 36565 36635 36661 36693 36713 36746 36759 36766 36813 36863 38238 38260 38545 38742 38807 38880 39422 39543 39562 39646 39767 39854 40078 40101 40105 40242 40270 40442 40590 40692 41941 42318 42460 43639 43677 44226 44228 44243 44260 44262 44398 44650 44727 44740 44774 44792 44891 45034 45927 46982 46987 48049 48105 48108-48109 48230 48394 48402 48652 48658 48705 48835 48955 49060 49114https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/159/235?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/AJ/159/235/table3RV jitter and analysisrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameStellar identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryjit[1.89/11390] Calculated radial velocity jitterm/sstat.errordoublee_jit[0.065/2748] Uncertainty in Jitter (1)m/sstat.errordoubleo_jit[5/911] Number of observations in Jitter (2)meta.numberintlogg[2.81/4.69] log surface gravitylog(cm**2.s**-1)phys.gravityfloatSindex[0.03/0.88] Mount Wilson activity S-indexspect.indexfloatBFFBlind fit flag; blind fit attempted (4)meta.codecharPF[1]? Planet Flag; Keplerian signal subtractedmeta.codeintnullableNp-p[0/4]? Number of published planetsmeta.numberintnullableNp-u[0/3]? Number of unpublished planetsmeta.numberintnullableLTFLinear trend flag; linear trend subtracted (3)meta.codecharOutOutlier(s) removed (3)meta.codecharRMSpuRMS uses only post-upgread Keck observations (3)meta.codecharRemovePre-upgrade observations are discarded (3)meta.codecharOffPre- and post-upgrade Keck offset (5)obs.param;arith.diffcharNoNo alterations made to RVs (6)meta.codecharObsNumber of non-Keck-HIRES observation(s) available (link to table1)meta.numberintnullableNpNumber of orbital parameters (link to table2)meta.numberintnullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RAPosition from Simbad (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPosition from Simbad (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/AJ/159/235/table2Orbital parameters of Keplerian signals subtracted from Radial Velocities (RV) time seriesSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharRefOrbit reference and bibcodemeta.refcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameStellar identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharf_Name[a]? Flag on Name (1)meta.codecharComCompanion identifiermeta.idcharmsini[0.002/5266] Companion mass(1.898187x10+27kg)phys.massdoublel_PLimit flag on P (2)meta.code.errorcharP[0.67/73000] Orbital period (3)dtime.perioddoublea[0.01/36] Semi-major axisAUphys.size.smajAxisfloatTp[2217697/5202518] Julian Date of periastron (3)dsrc.orbital.periastrondoublee[0/0.99] Eccentricity (3)src.orbital.eccentricityfloatomega[0.9/360] Argument of periastron ({omega}) (3)degsrc.orbital.periastronfloatK[0.2/81376] Velocity amplitude (3)m/sphys.velocdoublegamma[-7394/8668] Constant offset ({gamma}) (3)m/ssrc.orbitaldoubledvdt[-0.036/0.648] Linear trend (3)m/ssrc.orbitaldoublef_Ref[*]? Flag on Ref; * = unconfirmedmeta.codecharObsNumber of non-Keck-HIRES observation(s) available (link to table1)meta.numberintnullable_RAPosition from Simbad host star (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPosition from Simbad host star (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/AJ/159/235/table1Summary of additional non-Keck-HIRES (High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer) velocitiesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameStellar identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharTelTelescope usedinstr.setupcharInstInstrument usedinstr.setupcharNobs[5/229] Number of observationsmeta.numberintRefReference usedmeta.refcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RAPosition from Simbad (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPosition from Simbad (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/AJ/159/235/refsReferences for table1 and table2recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRefReference codemeta.bibcharAuthorMain author of the referencemeta.bib.authorcharBIBBibcode of the referencemeta.bib.bibcodecharNoteAssociated catalog or commentmeta.notechar