J/AJ/157/216ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/157/216doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.51570216CDSWinters J.G.Henry T.J.Jao W.-C.Subasavage J.P.Chatelain J.P.,Slatten K.Riedel A.R.Silverstein M.L.Payne M.J.2024-10-11T20:09:57Z2019-08-26T12:30:50ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmultiple-starsdwarf-starsm-starsvisible-astronomytrigonometric-parallaxinfrared-photometryphotometrystellar-distancestellar-massesWe present results of the largest, most comprehensive study ever done of the stellar multiplicity of the most common stars in the Galaxy, the red dwarfs. We have conducted an all-sky volume-limited survey for stellar companions to 1120 M dwarf primaries known to lie within 25 pc of the Sun via trigonometric parallaxes. In addition to a comprehensive literature search, stars were explored in new surveys for companions at separations of 2"-300". A reconnaissance of wide companions to separations of 300" was done via blinking archival images. I-band images were used to search our sample for companions at separations of 2"-180". Various astrometric and photometric methods were used to probe the inner 2" to reveal close companions. We report the discovery of 20 new companions and identify 56 candidate multiple systems. We find a stellar multiplicity rate of 26.8+/-1.4% and a stellar companion rate of 32.4+/-1.4% for M dwarfs. There is a broad peak in the separation distribution of the companions at 4-20 au, with a weak trend of smaller projected linear separations for lower mass primaries. A hint that M-dwarf multiplicity may be a function of tangential velocity is found, with faster moving, presumably older, stars found to be multiple somewhat less often. We calculate that stellar companions make up at least 17% of mass attributed to M dwarfs in the solar neighborhood, with roughly 11% of M-dwarf mass hidden as unresolved companions. Finally, when considering all M-dwarf primaries and companions, we find that the mass distribution for M dwarfs increases to the end of the stellar main sequence.2019AJ....157..216Whttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/157/216CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/325/159 : Companions to M dwarfs within 5pc (Leinert+ 1997)J/A+A/364/665 : Very low mass stars radial velocities (Segransan+, 2000)J/AJ/129/413 : New high proper motion stars (-90<DE<-47)J/AJ/130/1658 : New high proper motion stars (-47<{delta}<00)J/AJ/133/2898 : New proper-motion stars (-90<DE< -47) (Finch+, 2007)J/AJ/134/252 : New nearby white dwarf systems (Subasavage+, 2007)J/A+A/505/859 : M dwarfs radial velocities (Zechmeister+, 2009)J/AJ/141/21 : CCD distance estimates of SCR targets (Winters+, 2011)J/AJ/142/10 : New proper motion stars 0.40"/yr>pm>=0.18"/yr (Boyd+, 2011)J/AJ/142/92 : New proper motion stars with pm>=0.18"/yr (Boyd+, 2011)J/AJ/144/64 : Solar neighborhood. XXVIII. Substellar companionsJ/ApJ/754/44 : The AstraLux Large M-dwarf Survey (Janson+ 2012)J/ApJ/758/56 : Young M dwarfs within 25pc. II. Kinematics (Shkolnik+, 2012)J/A+A/549/A109 : HARPS XXXI. The M-dwarf sample (Bonfils+, 2013)J/AJ/147/85 : Solar neighborhood. XXXIII. 45 M dwarfs (Riedel+, 2014)J/AJ/147/94 : Solar neighborhood. XXXII. L and M dwarfs (Dieterich+, 2014)J/AJ/149/5 : Solar neighborhood. XXXV. Distances to M dwarfsJ/AJ/150/6 : Solar neighborhood. XXXVI. VRI variability of M dwarfsJ/MNRAS/449/2618 : M-dwarfs in Multiples (MinMs) survey. I. (Ward-Duong+, 2015)J/AJ/152/141 : Solar neighborhood. XXXVII. RVs for M dwarfsJ/A+A/599/A70 : Young moving group M-dwarf multiplicity (Janson+, 2017)J/AJ/153/14 : Solar neighborhood XXXVIII. Nearby M dwarf systemsJ/AJ/154/32 : Solar neighborhood. XXXIX. Nearby white dwarfsJ/AJ/154/124 : M dwarfs-long-term photometric variability (Clements+, 2017)J/AJ/154/151 : The solar neighborhood .XXXX. New young starsJ/AJ/154/191 : The solar neighborhood. XLII. New nearby subdwarfsJ/ApJ/846/93 : The multiplicity of M dwarfs in young moving groupsJ/AJ/155/215 : Speckle interferometry of red dwarf stars (Mason+, 2018)J/AJ/155/265 : The solar neighborhood. XLIV. RECONS discoveriesJ/AJ/156/49 : The solar neighborhood. XLIII. New nearby starshttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/157/216https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/157/216http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/157/216https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/157/216https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/157/216http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/157/216GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/157/216/table3 (Astrometry data)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/157/216/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/157/216/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/157/216/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true1.151875-40.73408330.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/AJ/157/216/table4 (Photometry data)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/157/216/table4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/157/216/table4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/157/216/table4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true1.1452917-40.73513890.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/AJ/157/216/table11 (Multiplicity information for sample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/157/216/table11?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/157/216/table11?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/157/216/table11?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true1.1452917-40.73513890.0055555555555555566/22 30 65 105 115 134 194 239 250 265 297 309 399 447 477 527 546 572 624 648 696 725 791 811 861 1122 1212 1260 1274 1276 1423 1477 1672 1710 1712 1723 1840 1845 1856 1896 1911 1928 1953 1998 2089 2149 2190 2237 2330-2331 2421 2505 2515 2737 2764 2782 2958 3005 3031 3088 3094 3162 3254 3266 3280 3387 3517 3579 3591 3715 3751 3766 3768 3791 3810 3837 3863 3889 3933 3969 4015 4033 4073 4144 4157-4158 4262 4297 4366 4401 4444 4462 4553 4590 4595 4672 4685 4689 4693 4708 4716 4739 4775 4808 4867 4931 5000 5211 5241 5333 5343 5420 5488 5533-5534 5590 5601 5640 5676 5733 5769 5794 5849 5929 6026 6150 6153 6169 6277 6295 6325 6384 6419 6552 6672 6705 6726 6736 6750 6894 6902 6974 7003 7029 7046 7089 7103-7104 7132 7181 7186 7216 7262 7264 7376 7395 7471 7512 7605 7611 7625 7736 7773 7775 7797 7836-7837 7854 7876 7908 7937 7984 8022-8023 8032 8123 8163 8208 8331 8343 8355 8381 8392 8421 8440 8446 8471 8483 8536 8562 8588 8592 8608 8627 8650 8683 8723 8733 8739 8972 8996 9146 9347 9384 9428 9436 9529 9578 9585 9597 9681 9696 9710 9744 9746 9752 9883 9885 9977 10027 10037 10040 10103 10146 10149 10278 10303 10348 10381 10384 10448 10464-10465 10467 10476 10523 10619 10669 10683 10694-10695 10721 10753 10771 10818 10961-10962 11028 11044 11055 11079 11177 11255 11276 11459 11482 11496 11636 11639 11713 11862 11919 11943 12128 12157 12167 12191 12300 12359 12439 12454 12616 12621 12679 12731 12791 12795 12865 13065 13158 13262 13308 13427 13439 13451 13512 13567 13622 13670 13688 13695 13743 13788 13793 13903 13912 13965 14030 14072 14159 14192 14220 14266 14277 14314 14373 14410 14456-14457 14467 14481 14484 14515 14570 14603 14666 14709 14772 14781 14842 14850 14858 14910 14982 14985 15031 15052 15181 15239 15311 15346 15431 15516 15548 15576 15598 15602 15660 15686 15727 15842 15952 15960 16041 16056 16086 16103 16201 16266 16391 16434-16435 16462 16502 16543 16568 16581 16609 16645 16754 16758 16825 16827 16847 16939 16959 16993 17045 17058 17124-17125 17186 17271 17302 17348 17358 17423 17454-17455 17486 17534 17568 17617 17712 17776 17813 17838 17870 17873 17890 17943 17946 17954 17964 17985 18007 18060 18195 18218 18268 18440 18450 18482 18496 18553 18555 18559 18588 18666 18685 18726 18761 18789 18856 18913 19040 19050 19064 19103 19187 19203 19306 19352 19361 19455 19466 19479 19516 19549 19554 19559 19586 19619 19668 19701 19776-19777 19808 19815 19879 19886 19895 19903 19931 19966 20023 20071 20084 20100 20128 20136 20238 20311 20314 20324 20328 20345 20379 20459 20505 20507 20515 20646 20683 20690 20733 20748 20754 20795 20812 20896 21050 21149 21151 21171 21180 21369 21420 21475 21480 21646 21736-21737 21747 21835 21838 21925 21953 22014 22030 22148 22215 22222 22273 22277 22289 22309 22325 22336 22390 22535 22549 22575-22576 22603 22626 22636 22645 22683 22731 22739 22787 22807 22813 22904 22992 23047 23094 23144 23228 23237-23238 23293 23310 23363 23388 23391 23443 23492 23519 23564 23660 23718-23719 23735 23743 23818 23867 23897 23910 23997 24013 24093 24213 24227 24249 24261 24313 24356 24362 24587 24603 24616 24713 24785 24797 24824 24887 24897 24995 25009 25084 25125 25154 25170 25198 25209 25238 25300 25310 25363 25388 25411 25528 25546 25596 25616 25669 25810 25849 25862 25954-25955 25989 26005 26063 26127 26151-26152 26161 26192 26279 26281 26299 26327 26538 26555 26560 26563 26583 26594 26614 26623 26699 26714 26726 26757 26772 26821 26972 27102 27104 27110 27166 27201 27204 27289 27326 27383 27392 27413 27419 27459 27462 27484 27519 27611 27704 27730-27731 27734 27762 27772 27792 27799 27810 27849 27912 28087 28162 28195 28207 28283 28341 28343 28382 28477 28548 28646 28816 28928 28955 29099 29143 29158 29170 29303 29325 29374 29458 29524 29595 29684 29810 29939 30011 30078 30132 30189 30327 30388 30392 30407 30429 30480 30505 30522 30626 30729 30735 30771 30833 30863 30869 30893 30910 30925 30978 31010 31013 31019 31031 31035 31072 31148 31191 31216 31226 31229 31296 31592 31686 31740 31781 31787 31803 31811 32015 32033 32052 32076 32089 32093 32115 32164 32229 32234 32259 32262 32278 32296 32314 32335 32392 32444 32458 32491 32500 32541 32544 32547 32553 32596 32623 32650 32652 32730 32753 32854 33016 33049-33050 33071 33203 33379 33381 33403 33425 33435 33459 33495 33533 33545 33579 33582 33655 33693 33702 33713 33805 33924 33937 33964 33966 34111 34139 34145 34181 34193 34266 34289 34301 34437 34445 34448 34561 34622 34701 34708 34757 34776 34816 34835 34921 34924 34955 35005 35020 35022 35057 35112-35113 35154 35238 35247 35288 35301 35324-35325 35327 35335 35340 35366 35375 35388 35414 35451 35497 35499 35520 35576 35625 35670 35679 35759 35818 35830 35841 35856 35860 35864 35923 35940 35950 35969 36003 36061 36148 36160 36264 36347 36511 36526 36583 36609 36614 36640 36693 36701 36763 36821 36841-36842 36871-36872 36971 37005 37041 37073 37122 37257 37302 37332 37337 37377 37379 37442 37453 37519 37598 37602 37650 37654 37678 37803 37942 38054 38145 38152 38247 38256 38322 38391 38430 38456 38464 38486 38551 38566 38595 38672 38675 38682 38744 38756 38786 38798 38820 38853 38876 38932 38957 38986 39027 39059 39237 39242 39331 39350 39499 39538 39545 39581 39585 39784 39792 39829 39944 39998 40167 40178 40181 40197 40225 40250 40341 40359 40386-40387 40411 40430 40435-40436 40505 40513 40610 40760 40801 40820 40901 40941 41042 41090 41141 41252 41268 41324 41348 41660 41811 41888 41998 42054 42092-42093 42216 42225 42231 42255 42290 42314 42325 42411 42426 42429 42485 42535 42558 42652 42711 42761 42767 42784 42856 42910 42950 42982 43001 43149 43155 43187 43413 43437 43444 43518 43565 43569 43580 43598 43611 43633 43652 43723 43735 43758 43814 43838 43970 43977 44001 44078 44226 44257 44299 44306 44351 44379 44437 44456 44518 44541 44564 44585 44632 44696 44720 44728 44866 44899 44921-44922 44936-44937 44970 45023 45039 45075 45102 45113 45118 45166 45213 45237 45317 45322 45377 45419 45474 45495 45497 45506 45543 45568 45626 45671 45740 45752 45878 45928 45960 45964 46015 46096 46123 46203 46218 46275 46289 46373 46377 46417 46448 46463 46466 46540 46566 46599 46632 46665 46718 46722 46734 46736 46744 46750 46752 46774 46840 46922 46953 46960 46986 47054 47064 47121 47158 47201 47251 47337 47347 47414 47453 47487 47677 47732 47859 47936 47953 48066 48093 48303-48304 48500 48516 48684 48731 48800-48801 48902 48906 48926 48935 48958 48985 49015 49029 49056 49101 491478.650015785639275e-20 3.852589004194616e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/157/216?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/AJ/157/216/table3Astrometry dataNameName of the M dwarfmeta.id;meta.mainchare_Plx[0.28/10]? Uncertainty in Plxmasstat.error;pos.parallaxfloatnullableo_Plx[1/5] Number of parallaxes included in the weighted meanmeta.numberintr_PlxReference(s) for Plx (see refs3.dat file)meta.ref;pos.framecharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintm_NameMultiplicity index on Namemeta.code.multipcharRAJ2000Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainPM[0.029/10.308] Total proper motion magnitudearcsec/yrpos.pmfloatPA[0.6/359.7] Proper motion position angledegpos.pm;pos.posAngfloatr_PA[1/73] Proper motion reference (see refs3.dat file)meta.ref;pos.frameintPlx[40/545.51]? Weighted mean of the published trigonometric parallaxemasmeta.ref;pos.parallax.trig;stat.meanfloatnullablef_Plx[ab] Flag on Plx (1)meta.codecharJ/AJ/157/216/table4Photometry datarecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameName of the M dwarfmeta.id;meta.maincharprimarym_NameMultiplicity index on Namemeta.code.multipcharf_m_Name[)] Flag indicating that the name of the component is differentmeta.codecharmoreindicates multiplicity information in Table 11 for this M dwarfmeta.ref.urlcharNsys[0/5] Number of known components in the system (0 if the star is a companion in a multiple system)meta.numberintf_Nsys[BD] Flag indicating a brown dwarf companionmeta.codecharRAJ2000Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainVmag[7.34/22.77]? Johnson V band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Vfloatnullableq_Vmag[Jc] Quality flag on Vmag (2)meta.code.qualcharRmag[6.37/19.46]? Kron-Cousins R band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloatnullableq_Rmag[J] Quality flag on Rmag (2)meta.code.qualcharImag[5.32/18.26]? Kron-Cousins I band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Ifloatnullableq_Imag[J] Quality flag on Imag (2)meta.code.qualcharNobs[1/5]? Number of optical observationsmeta.numberintnullableORef[1/41]? Reference for VRI photometry (see refs4.dat file)meta.bibintnullableFlagOther optical flag(s) (3)meta.code.errorcharJmag[4.2/16.69]? 2MASS J band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Jfloatnullableq_JmagQuality and reference flag(s) for Jmag (4)meta.code.qualcharHmag[3.61/17.01]? 2MASS H band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Hfloatnullableq_HmagQuality and reference flag(s) for Hmag (4)meta.code.qualcharKsmag[3.25/16.9]? 2MASS K_s_ band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloatnullableq_KsmagQuality and reference flag(s) for Ksmag (4)meta.code.qualcharph-ccd[1.8/83.1]? Photometric distance estimatepcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricfloatnullablef_ph-ccd[*] Flag on ph-ccd (5)meta.codechare_ph-ccd[0.3/224.9]? Uncertainty on ph-ccdpcstat.errorfloatnullabledV[0/8.66]? Magnitude difference between stellar companion and primary {Delta}Vmagphot.mag;em.opt.V;arith.difffloatnullablef_dVFlag on dV (6)meta.codecharVdb[7.46/25.56]? Deblended V band magnitude V_db_magphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableM*[0.075/0.658]? Primary mass from absolute V magsolMassphys.magAbs;em.opt.Vfloatnullabler_M*Reference for M* (6)meta.ref;pos.framecharSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharJ/AJ/157/216/table11Multiplicity information for sampleRAJ2000Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainr_Dmag[1/116]? Reference for Dmag (see refs11.dat file)meta.refintnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameName of the M dwarfmeta.id;meta.maincharNsys[0/5] Number of known components (0 if higher order sub-system)meta.numberintMapComponent configuration map for this rowmeta.code.multipcharDEJ2000Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainl_Sep[<>] Limit flag for Sep (1)meta.code.errorcharSep[0.0004/294.9]? Angular separationarcsecpos.angDistancedoublenullablea? Semi-major axisarcsecphys.angSize;srcdoublenullablePA[2/358]? Position angle (2)degpos.posAngintnullableEpoch[1960/2018]? Year of the measurementyrtime.epochintnullableTechTechnique (3)meta.code;obscharr_Tech[1/117] Reference for Tech (see refs11.dat file)meta.ref;pos.frameintDmag[0/11.3]? Magnitude difference between components {Delta}magmagphot.mag;arith.difffloatnullableq_Dmag[:] Quality flag on Dmagmeta.code.qual;arith.diffcharFiltFilter of Dmagnmmeta.code;instr.filterSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharJ/AJ/157/216/refs3List of references in Table 3recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRef[1/117] Reference codemeta.noteintAutAuthor's name(s)meta.bib.authorcharBibcodeBibcode of the referencemeta.bib.bibcodecharComCommentmeta.notecharJ/AJ/157/216/refs4List of references in Table 4recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRef[1/117] Reference codemeta.noteintAutAuthor's name(s)meta.bib.authorcharBibcodeBibcode of the referencemeta.bib.bibcodecharJ/AJ/157/216/refs11List of references in Table 11recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRef[1/117] Reference codemeta.noteintAutAuthor's name(s)meta.bib.authorcharBibcodeBibcode of the referencemeta.bib.bibcodechar