J/AJ/157/171ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/157/171doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.51570171CDSKane M.Ragozzine D.Flowers X.Holczer T.Mazeh T.Relles H.M.2021-04-09T07:45:36Z2019-08-06T07:48:55ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.freclipsing-binary-starsexoplanetsstellar-radiieffective-temperaturestellar-massesapparent-magnitudeWe visually analyzed the transit timing variation (TTV) data of 5930 Kepler Objects of Interest (KOIs) homogeneously. Using data from Rowe et al. (2014, J/ApJ/784/45) and Holczer et al. (2015, J/ApJ/807/170; 2016, J/ApJS/225/9), we investigated TTVs for nearly all KOIs in Kepler's Data Release 24 catalog. Using TTV plots, periodograms, and phase-folded quadratic plus sinusoid fits, we visually rated each KOI's TTV data in five categories. Our ratings emphasize the hundreds of planets with TTVs that are weaker than the ~200 that have been studied in detail. Our findings are consistent with statistical methods for identifying strong TTVs, though we found some additional systems worth investigation. Between about 3-50 days and 1.3-6 Earth radii, the frequency of strong TTVs increases with period and radius. As expected, strong TTVs are very common when period ratios are near a resonance, but there is not a one-to-one correspondence. The observed planet-by-planet frequency of strong TTVs is only somewhat lower in systems with one or two known planets (7%+/-1%) than in systems with three or more known planets (11%+/-2%). We attribute TTVs to known planets in multitransiting systems but find ~30 cases where the perturbing planet is unknown. Our conclusions are valuable as an ensemble for learning about planetary system architectures and individually as stepping stones toward more-detailed mass-radius constraints. We also discuss Data Release 25 TTVs, investigate ~100 KOIs with transit duration and/or depth variations, and estimate that the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite will likely find only ~10 planets with strong TTVs.2019AJ....157..171Khttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/157/171CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toV/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)J/ApJS/197/2 : Transit timing observations from Kepler. I. (Ford+, 2011)J/ApJ/750/113 : Kepler TTVs. II. Confirmed multiplanet systemsJ/ApJS/208/16 : Kepler transit timing observations. VIII. (Mazeh+, 2013)J/ApJ/784/45 : Kepler's multiple planet candidates. III. (Rowe+, 2014)J/ApJ/787/80 : 139 Kepler planets transit time variations (Hadden+, 2014)J/ApJ/807/170 : Prograde vs retrogade motions. II. KOIs (Holczer+, 2015)J/ApJ/809/77 : Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS)J/AJ/152/158 : Final Kepler transiting planet search (DR25)J/ApJS/225/9 : Kepler TTVs. IX. The full long-cadence data setJ/AJ/154/5 : Transit timing variations of 145 Kepler planetsJ/A+A/615/A79 : KOINet. Study of exoplanet systems via TTVsJ/ApJS/234/9 : A spectral approach to transit timing variationsJ/ApJS/235/38 : Kepler planetary cand. VIII. DR25 reliabilityJ/other/RAA/19.41 : TTVs + linear ephemerides of Kepler exoplanetshttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/157/171https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/157/171http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/157/171https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/157/171https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/157/171http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/157/171GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/157/171/table2 (Combined exoplanet data table)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/157/171/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/157/171/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/157/171/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true286.8084749.31639890.0055555555555555564/922 923 933 934 935 944 945 946 5/3645 3646 3647 3683 3704 3706 3729 3730 3731 3788 3789 3792 6/14559 14567 14573 14575 14577 14578 14579 14730 14731 14738 14744 14746 14749 14750 14751 14792 14794 14795 14822 14828 14830 14914 14915 15040 15041 15043 15044 15045 15057 15059 15060 15061 15062 15160 15161 15172 15173 15174 15176 15178 15200 15202 15232https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/157/171?format=asciidefaultJ/AJ/157/171/table4Analyzed eclipsing binariesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKOI[225.01/5976.01] KOI numbermeta.id;meta.mainfloatKIC[1725193/12645761] KIC numbermeta.id.parentintPer[0.6/214.7] Perioddtime.periodfloatKpmag[10.15/16.35] Magnitude in Kepler bandpassmagphot.mag;em.optfloatTeff[4185/8750]? Effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintnullableClRat[4/9] Cleanliness visual rating (9=fewest outliers)meta.codeintSPFRat[5/9] SinePoly fit visual rating (9=outstanding fit)meta.codeintPPRat[5/9] Periodogram peak visual rating (9=very strong periodicity)meta.codeintSPPRat[0/9] SinePoly peak visual rating (9=very strong periodicity)meta.codeintOvRat[5/9] Overall interest visual rating (9=very strong TTV signal)meta.codeintSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/AJ/157/171/table2Combined exoplanet data tableSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKOI[1.01/5978.01] Kepler Object of Interest (KOI) numbermeta.id;meta.mainfloatPerSP[0.032613/109390] SinePoly best-fit period (1)dtime.period;meta.modelleddoublePhsSP[0.0004937/6.2828] SinePoly best-fit phase (1)radtime.phasedoubleAmpSP[2.4212e-05/6810500] SinePoly best-fit amplitude (1)minsrc.var.amplitudedoubleLinSP[-11007/2829.3] SinePoly best-fit linear coefficient (1)min/dstat.fit.paramdoubleQuadSP[-1.6195/5.242] SinePoly best-fit quadratic coefficient (1)min.d**-2stat.fit.paramdoubleChi2SP[5.5467e-31/3.4689e+13] SinePoly best-fit chi-square (1)meta.notedoubleKIC[757450/12935144] Kepler Input Catalog number (aka KID)meta.id.parentintPlanetKepler planet name (2)meta.idcharEADispExoplanet Archive Disposition (2)src.classcharClRat[0/9] Cleanliness visual rating (9=fewest outliers)meta.codeintSPFRat[0/9] SinePoly fit visual rating (9=outstanding fit)meta.codeintPPRat[0/9] Periodogram peak visual rating (9=very strong periodicity)meta.codeintSPPRat[0/9] SinePoly peak visual rating (9=very strong periodicity)meta.codeintOvRat[0/9] Overall interest visual rating (9=very strong TTV signal)meta.codeintMulti[0/7] Number of candidate/confirmed planets in systemmeta.numberintPerKOI[0.241842544/129995.778] KOI orbital period (2)dtime.perioddoubleE_PerKOI[0/0.1568] Upper uncertainty in PerKOI (2)dstat.error;stat.maxdoublee_PerKOI[0/0.1568] Lower uncertainty in PerKOI (2)dstat.error;stat.mindoubleT0KOI[120.565925/746.196647] KOI transit epoch (BKJD) (2)dtime.epochdoubleE_T0KOI[0/0.579] Upper uncertainty in T0KOI (2)dstat.error;stat.maxdoublee_T0KOI[0/0.579] Lower uncertainty in T0KOI (2)dstat.error;stat.mindoubleDurKOI[0.34/93.2] KOI transit duration (2)htime.durationdoubleE_DurKOI[0/9.3] Upper uncertainty in DurKOI (2)hstat.error;stat.maxdoublee_DurKOI[0/9.3] Lower uncertainty in DurKOI (2)hstat.error;stat.mindoubleKOIror[0/100] KOI planet/star radius ratio (2)phys.size;arith.ratiodoubleE_KOIror[0/63.7] Upper uncertainty in KOIror (2)stat.error;stat.maxdoublee_KOIror[0/69.9] Lower uncertainty in KOIror (2)stat.error;stat.mindoubleRad[0/109000] KOI planet radius (2)(6.3781x10+6m)phys.size.radiusdoubleE_Rad[0/23400] Upper uncertainty in Rad (2)(6.3781x10+6m)stat.error;stat.maxdoublee_Rad[0/32600] Lower uncertainty in Rad (2)(6.3781x10+6m)stat.error;stat.mindoubleSESKOI[0/18500] KOI maximum Single Event Statistic; similar to signal-to-noise ratio of a single transit (2)stat.fit.paramdoubleMESKOI[0/168000] KOI maximum Multiple Event Statistic; similar to signal-to-noise ratio of all transits combined (2)stat.fit.paramdoubleTeff[2661/11068]? Stellar effective temperature (2)Kphys.temperature.effectiveintnullableE_Teff[0/1067]? Upper uncertainty in Teff (2)Kstat.error;stat.maxintnullablee_Teff[0/798]? Lower uncertainty in Teff (2)Kstat.error;stat.minintnullableM*[0/3.55] Stellar mass (2)solMassphys.massdoubleE_M*[0/1.38] Upper uncertainty in M* (2)solMassstat.error;stat.maxdoublee_M*[0/2.38] Lower uncertainty in M* (2)solMassstat.error;stat.mindoubleKpmag[7/19.3] Target magnitude in Kepler bandpass (2)magphot.mag;em.optfloatMp[0.0002/100000] Planet mass (3)(1.898187x10+27kg)phys.massdoubleE_Mp[0.00019/100000] Upper uncertainty in Mp (3)(1.898187x10+27kg)stat.error;stat.maxdoublee_Mp[0.00012/100000] Lower uncertainty in Mp (3)(1.898187x10+27kg)stat.error;stat.mindoubleTTVErr[0.06/100000] Median uncertainty on TTV measurements (4)minstat.errordoubleTTVSct[0.08/100000] Robust scatter of TTV measurements (4)minstat.errordoublep-Rat[-16/100000] log_10_(p-value) for TTVSct/TTVErr ratio (4)stat.fit.paramdoublePerH16[1.55/100000] Period of highest TTV periodogram peak (4)dtime.perioddoublePowH16[-9.54/100000] Power of highest TTV periodogram peak (4)d**2stat.fit.paramdoublep-PS[-4/100000] log_10_(p-value) for highest TTV periodogram peak (4)stat.fit.paramdoubleAlmH16[-1.273/100000] Alarm score for TTV series (4)stat.fit.goodnessdoublep-Alm[-4/100000] log_10_(p-value) for TTV alarm score (4)stat.fit.paramdoublepdH16[1/100000] Polynomial degree chosen for TTV fit (4)stat.fit.paramdoublep-poly[-16/100000] log_10_(p-value) for TTV polynomial fit (4)stat.fit.paramdoubleLSPHR[-1/1968] Peak of Lomb-Scargle periodogram for independent TTVs (5)dtime.perioddoublePerHR[-1/2415] Period from the independent TTV sinusoidal curve-fit (5)dtime.perioddoublee_PerHR[1/1158] Uncertainty in PerHR (5)dstat.errordoubleAmpHR[-1/2900.2] Amplitude from independent TTV sinusoidal curve-fit (5)minsrc.var.amplitudedoublee_AmpHR[0.1/407] Uncertainty in AmpHR (5)minstat.errordoubleKOIprt[-1/4913.02] KOI attributed to the cause of TTV perturbationsmeta.idfloatf_KOIprt[-1/6]? Flag determining perturbing KOI for KOIprt (6)meta.codeintnullableTDPV[-1/55] Flag describing transit duration/depth variations (7)meta.codeintnumH16[0/2442] Number of transit times from Holczer et al. (2016, J/ApJS/225/9)meta.numberintnumRT[0/4734] Number of transit times from Rowe & Thompson (2015arXiv150400707R)meta.numberint_RAPositions of KIC stars from KIC catalog (V/133) (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions of KIC stars from KIC catalog (V/133) (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main