J/AJ/157/144ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/157/144doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.51570144CDSBallering N.P.Eisner J.A.2020-10-08T15:19:32Z2019-08-02T09:36:30ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frstar-forming-regionsmultiple-starsinfrared-astronomyspectroscopyradio-spectroscopygalaxy-classification-systemsMeasuring the masses of protoplanetary disks is crucial for understanding their planet-forming potential. Typically, dust masses are derived from (sub-)millimeter flux density measurements plus assumptions for the opacity, temperature, and optical depth of the dust. Here we use radiative transfer models to quantify the validity of these assumptions with the aim of improving the accuracy of disk dust mass measurements. We first carry out a controlled exploration of disk parameter space. We find that the disk temperature is a strong function of disk size, while the optical depth depends on both disk size and dust mass. The millimeter-wavelength spectral index can be significantly shallower than the naive expectation due to a combination of optical depth and deviations from the Rayleigh-Jeans regime. We fit radiative transfer models to the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of 132 disks in the Taurus-Auriga region using a Markov chain Monte Carlo approach. We used all available data to produce the most complete SEDs used in any extant modeling study. We perform the fitting twice: first with unconstrained disk sizes and again imposing the disk size-brightness relation inferred for sources in Taurus. This constraint generally forces the disks to be smaller, warmer, and more optically thick. From both sets of fits, we find disks to be ~1-5 times more massive than when derived using (sub-)millimeter measurements and common assumptions. With the uncertainties derived from our model fitting, the previously measured dust mass-stellar mass correlation is present in our study but only significant at the 2{sigma} level.2019AJ....157..144Bhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/157/144CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/ApJ/636/932 : Mid-infrared survey of T Tauri stars (McCabe+, 2006)J/ApJ/703/1964 : Spectra of three nearby star-forming regions (Furlan+, 2009)J/ApJ/720/480 : DISCS. I. Taurus protoplanetary disk data (Oberg+, 2010)J/ApJS/186/111 : Spitzer observations of Taurus members (Luhman+, 2010)J/ApJS/186/259 : Taurus Spitzer survey: new candidate members (Rebull+, 2010)J/ApJ/751/115 : Millimeter emission from Taurus binary systems (Harris+, 2012)J/ApJ/771/129 : Submillimetric Class II sources of Taurus (Andrews+, 2013)J/ApJ/784/62 : Circumstellar disks around binary stars in TaurusJ/ApJ/849/63 : FIR-mm data of YSOs in star-forming regions (Ribas+, 2017)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/157/144https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/157/144http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/157/144https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/157/144https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/157/144http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/157/144GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/157/144/table3 (Fit results (without size constraint))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/157/144/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/157/144/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/157/144/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true68.730926124.48139940.0055555555555555565/270 292 6/342 1029 1030 1031 1037 1039 1042 1043 1047 1048 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1061 1063 1068 1073 1074 1075 1078 1084 1113 1114 1115 1123 1124 1126 1156 1157 1159 1176 23517 23549 23551 24201 24203 24295 24300https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/157/144?format=asciiOpticalInfraredMillimeterdefaultJ/AJ/157/144/table3Fit results (without size constraint)SimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharTdust[4.49/117] Dust temperatureKphys.temperaturefloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDTarget identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharf_ID[*] Flag on ID (1)meta.codecharlogMd[-6.67/-2.69] Log dust masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatE_logMd[0.0261/3.46] Upper uncertainty in logMdlog(solMass)stat.error;stat.maxfloate_logMd[0.0387/4.54] Lower uncertainty in logMdlog(solMass)stat.error;stat.minfloatlogRin[-2.52/0.958] Log inner edge radiuslog(AU)phys.size.radiusfloatE_logRin[0.0387/2.25] Upper uncertainty in logRinlog(AU)stat.error;stat.maxfloate_logRin[0.0489/2.07] Lower uncertainty in logRinlog(AU)stat.error;stat.minfloatlogRc[0.708/3.76] Log characteristic sizelog(AU)phys.size.radiusfloatE_logRc[0.0232/3] Upper uncertainty in logRclog(AU)stat.error;stat.maxfloate_logRc[0.00923/2.95] Lower uncertainty in logRclog(AU)stat.error;stat.mindoubleH100[2.32/31.4] Scale height at 100 AUAUphys.sizefloatE_H100[0.406/14.2] Upper uncertainty in H100AUstat.error;stat.maxfloate_H100[0.404/14.2] Lower uncertainty in H100AUstat.error;stat.minfloatbeta[1.01/1.37] The flaring parameter {beta}stat.fit.paramfloatE_beta[0.00583/0.257] Upper uncertainty in betastat.error;stat.maxdoublee_beta[0.0056/0.193] Lower uncertainty in betastat.error;stat.mindoublelogamax[1.07/6.06] Log maximum grain radiuslog(um)phys.size.radiusfloatE_logamax[0.267/5.56] Upper uncertainty logamaxlog(um)stat.error;stat.maxfloate_logamax[0.133/4.25] Lower uncertainty logamaxlog(um)stat.error;stat.minfloatq[1.32/6.89] Power law distribution exponentstat.paramfloatE_q[0.0588/3.68] Upper uncertainty in qstat.error;stat.maxfloate_q[0.0575/4.13] Lower uncertainty in qstat.error;stat.minfloati[8.24/73.3] Inclinationdegsrc.orbital.inclinationfloatE_i[1.35/35.2] Upper uncertainty in idegstat.error;stat.maxfloate_i[2.19/35.2] Lower uncertainty in idegstat.error;stat.minfloatkappa[0.0151/5.88] Dust opacity {kappa}cm**2.g**-1phys.absorption.coefffloatE_kappa[2.02e-05/5.29] Upper uncertainty in kappacm**2.g**-1stat.error;stat.maxdoublee_kappa[3e-07/3.49] Lower uncertainty in kappacm**2.g**-1stat.error;stat.mindoubleE_Tdust[0.596/93.5] Upper uncertainty in TdustKstat.error;stat.maxfloate_Tdust[0.565/97.1] Lower uncertainty in TdustKstat.error;stat.minfloatFnu/th[0.0507/1] Ratio of model flux density to perfectly optically thin F_{nu}_/F_{nu},thin_phot.flux;arith.ratiofloatE_Fnu/th[0.00276/0.831] Upper uncertainty in Fnu/thstat.error;stat.maxdoublee_Fnu/th[0.0129/0.808] Lower uncertainty in Fnu/thstat.error;stat.minfloatMd/ana[0.257/49.7] Ratio of true dust mass to model M_dust_/M_dust,ana_ (2)phys.mass;arith.ratiofloatE_Md/ana[0.0314/138000] Upper uncertainty in Md/anastat.error;stat.maxdoublee_Md/ana[0.0208/48.4] Lower uncertainty in Md/anastat.error;stat.mindouble_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/AJ/157/144/table4Fit results (with size constraint)IDTarget identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintf_ID[*] Flag on ID (1)meta.codecharlogMd[-6.67/-2.69] Log dust masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatE_logMd[0.0261/3.46] Upper uncertainty in logMdlog(solMass)stat.error;stat.maxfloate_logMd[0.0387/4.54] Lower uncertainty in logMdlog(solMass)stat.error;stat.minfloatlogRin[-2.52/0.958] Log inner edge radiuslog(AU)phys.size.radiusfloatE_logRin[0.0387/2.25] Upper uncertainty in logRinlog(AU)stat.error;stat.maxfloate_logRin[0.0489/2.07] Lower uncertainty in logRinlog(AU)stat.error;stat.minfloatlogRc[0.708/3.76] Log characteristic sizelog(AU)phys.size.radiusfloatE_logRc[0.0232/3] Upper uncertainty in logRclog(AU)stat.error;stat.maxfloate_logRc[0.00923/2.95] Lower uncertainty in logRclog(AU)stat.error;stat.mindoubleH100[2.32/31.4] Scale height at 100 AUAUphys.sizefloatE_H100[0.406/14.2] Upper uncertainty in H100AUstat.error;stat.maxfloate_H100[0.404/14.2] Lower uncertainty in H100AUstat.error;stat.minfloatbeta[1.01/1.37] The flaring parameter {beta}stat.fit.paramfloatE_beta[0.00583/0.257] Upper uncertainty in betastat.error;stat.maxdoublee_beta[0.0056/0.193] Lower uncertainty in betastat.error;stat.mindoublelogamax[1.07/6.06] Log maximum grain radiuslog(um)phys.size.radiusfloatE_logamax[0.267/5.56] Upper uncertainty logamaxlog(um)stat.error;stat.maxfloate_logamax[0.133/4.25] Lower uncertainty logamaxlog(um)stat.error;stat.minfloatq[1.32/6.89] Power law distribution exponentstat.paramfloatE_q[0.0588/3.68] Upper uncertainty in qstat.error;stat.maxfloate_q[0.0575/4.13] Lower uncertainty in qstat.error;stat.minfloati[8.24/73.3] Inclinationdegsrc.orbital.inclinationfloatE_i[1.35/35.2] Upper uncertainty in idegstat.error;stat.maxfloate_i[2.19/35.2] Lower uncertainty in idegstat.error;stat.minfloatkappa[0.0151/5.88] Dust opacity {kappa}cm**2.g**-1phys.absorption.coefffloatE_kappa[2.02e-05/5.29] Upper uncertainty in kappacm**2.g**-1stat.error;stat.maxdoublee_kappa[3e-07/3.49] Lower uncertainty in kappacm**2.g**-1stat.error;stat.mindoubleTdust[4.49/117] Dust temperatureKphys.temperaturefloatE_Tdust[0.596/93.5] Upper uncertainty in TdustKstat.error;stat.maxfloate_Tdust[0.565/97.1] Lower uncertainty in TdustKstat.error;stat.minfloatFnu/th[0.0507/1] Ratio of model flux density to perfectly optically thin F_{nu}_/F_{nu},thin_phot.flux;arith.ratiofloatE_Fnu/th[0.00276/0.831] Upper uncertainty in Fnu/thstat.error;stat.maxdoublee_Fnu/th[0.0129/0.808] Lower uncertainty in Fnu/thstat.error;stat.minfloatMd/ana[0.257/49.7] Ratio of true dust mass to model M_dust_/M_dust,ana_ (2)phys.mass;arith.ratiofloatE_Md/ana[0.0314/138000] Upper uncertainty in Md/anastat.error;stat.maxdoublee_Md/ana[0.0208/48.4] Lower uncertainty in Md/anastat.error;stat.mindoubleJ/AJ/157/144/table2Additional SED dataInstInstrument usedinstr.setupcharRefReferencemeta.ref;pos.framecharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDTarget identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharlambda[10/3330] Wavelength {lambda}umem.wlintl_Flux[<] Limit flag on Fluxmeta.code.error;phot.fluxcharFlux[0.18/137740] Flux density at {lambda}mJyphot.flux.densitydoublee_Flux[0/2400]? Statistical 1{sigma} uncertainty in FluxmJystat.error;phot.fluxfloatnullableCal[0/20]? Calibration 1{sigma} uncertainty in Flux (1)%stat.errorintnullableBibcodeBibcode of the reference (2)meta.bib.bibcodechar