J/AJ/156/292ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/156/292doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.51560292CDSTeske J.K.Ciardi D.R.Howell S.B.Hirsch L.A.Johnson R.A.2019-05-10T11:59:05Z2019-05-09T12:28:40ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmultiple-starsexoplanetsUnderstanding the distribution and occurrence rate of small planets was a fundamental goal of the Kepler transiting exoplanet mission, and could be improved with K2 and Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). Deriving accurate exoplanetary radii requires accurate measurements of the host star radii and the planetary transit depths, including accounting for any "third light" in the system due to nearby bound companions or background stars. High-resolution imaging of Kepler and K2 planet candidate hosts to detect very close (within ~0.5") background or bound stellar companions has been crucial for both confirming the planetary nature of candidates, and the determination of accurate planetary radii and mean densities. Here we present an investigation of the effect of close companions, both detected and undetected, on the observed (raw count) exoplanet radius distribution. We demonstrate that the recently detected "gap" in the observed radius distribution (also seen in the completeness-corrected distribution) is fairly robust to undetected stellar companions, given that all of the systems in the sample have undergone some kind of vetting with high-resolution imaging. However, while the gap in the observed sample is not erased or shifted, it is partially filled in after accounting for possible undetected stellar companions. These findings have implications for the most likely core composition, and thus formation location, of super-Earth and sub-Neptune planets. Furthermore, we show that without high-resolution imaging of planet candidate host stars, the shape of the observed exoplanet radius distribution will be incorrectly inferred, for both Kepler- and TESS-detected systems.2018AJ....156..292Thttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/156/292CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/ApJ/646/523 : Exoplanet systems with stellar companions (Raghavan+, 2006)J/A+A/546/A10 : Multiplicity in transiting planet-host starsJ/MNRAS/421/2498 : Stellar companions of exoplanet host stars (Ginski+, 2012)J/ApJ/763/41 : Kepler multiple-candidate systems radii (Ciardi+, 2013)J/ApJ/809/77 : Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS)J/ApJ/813/130 : Kepler multiple transiting planet systems (Wang+, 2015)J/AJ/152/8 : Impact of stellar multiplicity on planetary systems I.J/AJ/153/71 : Kepler follow-up observation program. I. ImagingJ/AJ/153/117 : KOIs companions from high-resolution imaging (Hirsch+, 2017)J/AJ/154/109 : California-Kepler Survey (CKS). III. Planet radiiJ/AJ/155/48 : California-Kepler Survey (CKS). V. Masses and radiiJ/AJ/156/83 : Effect of stellar companions on planetary systemsJ/AJ/156/264 : California-Kepler Survey. VII. Planet radius gaphttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/156/292https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/156/292http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/156/292https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/156/292https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/156/292http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/156/292GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/156/292/table1 (Average radius correction factors)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/156/292/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/156/292/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/156/292/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true299.407035344.03505280.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/AJ/156/292/table2 (Modified radius correction factors)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/156/292/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/156/292/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/156/292/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true292.247307547.96950440.0055555555555555564/933 934 935 945 5/3646 3647 3688 3689 3690 3693 3694 3706 3730 3776 3777 3778 3785 3787 3788 3789 3792 6/14573 14575 14578 14579 14581 14582 14583 14730 14731 14733 14734 14735 14744 14746 14750 14751 14764 14765 14767 14768 14770 14781 14782 14783 14792 14794 14816 14818 14819 14828 14830 14914 14915 14917 14918 14919 14924 14925 14927 15040 15041 15043 15044 15045 15057 15059 15060 15116 15118 15119 15136 15137 15139 15145 15146 15147 15160 15172 15174 15176 15232https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/156/292?format=asciidefaultJ/AJ/156/292/table1Average radius correction factorsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKOI[18/4653] Planet host (KOI -NNNN)meta.id;meta.mainintXR-pri[0/1.547] Mean radius correction factor assuming the planet orbits the primary starinstr.paramfloatXR-sec[0/12.5094] Mean radius correction factor assuming the planet orbits the secondary starinstr.paramfloatSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/AJ/156/292/table2Modified radius correction factors_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKOI[2/4864] Planet host (KOI -NNNN)meta.id;meta.mainintf[0.060878/0.584358] Fraction of multiples not removed by the assumed vetted in the case of typical Kepler distances (1)meta.numberdoublef-TESS[0/0.342363] Fraction of multiples not removed by the assumed vetted in the case of TESS distances (1)meta.numberdoubleXR-5050[1.08904/2.48514] Mean companion only correction in the 50/50 primary/secondary case (2)instr.paramdoublee_XR-5050[0.248748/1.66623] rms uncertainty in XR-5050stat.errordoubleXR-7030[1.0338/1.85229] Mean companion only correction in the 70/30 primary/secondary case (2)instr.paramdoublee_XR-7030[0.159162/0.924759] rms uncertainty in XR-7030stat.errordoubleXR-9010[1.02115/1.38421] Mean companion only correction in the 90/10 primary/secondary case (2)instr.paramdoublee_XR-9010[0.085909/0.385081] rms uncertainty in XR-9010stat.errordoubleSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main