J/AJ/153/117ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/153/117doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.51530117CDSHirsch L.A.Ciardi D.R.Howard A.W.Everett M.E.Furlan E.Saylors M.,Horch E.P.Howell S.B.Teske J.Marcy G.W.2019-02-04T06:46:03Z2017-07-20T14:11:45ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frsolar-system-planetsmultiple-starsphotometryWe report on 176 close (<2'') stellar companions detected with high-resolution imaging near 170 hosts of Kepler Objects of Interest (KOIs). These Kepler targets were prioritized for imaging follow-up based on the presence of small planets, so most of the KOIs in these systems (176 out of 204) have nominal radii <6R_{Earth}_. Each KOI in our sample was observed in at least two filters with adaptive optics, speckle imaging, lucky imaging, or the Hubble Space Telescope. Multi-filter photometry provides color information on the companions, allowing us to constrain their stellar properties and assess the probability that the companions are physically bound. We find that 60%-80% of companions within 1'' are bound, and the bound fraction is >90% for companions within 0.5''; the bound fraction decreases with increasing angular separation. This picture is consistent with simulations of the binary and background stellar populations in the Kepler field. We also reassess the planet radii in these systems, converting the observed differential magnitudes to a contamination in the Kepler bandpass and calculating the planet radius correction factor, X_R_=R_p_(true)/R_p_(single). Under the assumption that planets in bound binaries are equally likely to orbit the primary or secondary, we find a mean radius correction factor for planets in stellar multiples of X_R_=1.65. If stellar multiplicity in the Kepler field is similar to the solar neighborhood, then nearly half of all Kepler planets may have radii underestimated by an average of 65%, unless vetted using high-resolution imaging or spectroscopy.2017AJ....153..117Hhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/153/117CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/AJ/152/8 : Impact of multiplicity on planetary systems I. (Kraus+, 2016)J/ApJ/822/86 : False positive prob. for Q1-Q17 DR24 KOIs (Morton+, 2016)J/ApJ/784/45 : Kepler's multiple planet candidates. III. (Rowe+, 2014)J/ApJS/211/2 : Revised stellar prop. of Q1-16 Kepler targets (Huber+, 2014)J/ApJS/210/25 : Transit timing variation for planetary pairs. II. (Xie, 2014)J/ApJS/210/1 : Asteroseismic study of solar-type stars (Chaplin+, 2014)J/ApJS/208/22 : Transit timing variation for 12 planetary pairs (Xie, 2013)J/ApJS/204/24 : Kepler planetary candidates. III. (Batalha+, 2013)J/ApJ/779/188 : Spectra of nearby late K and M Kepler stars (Mann+, 2013)J/ApJ/767/127 : Asteroseismic solutions for 77 Kepler stars (Huber+, 2013)J/ApJ/750/L37 : Stellar parameters of low-mass KOIs (Muirhead+, 2012)J/other/Nat/486.375 : Stellar parameters of KOI stars (Buchhave+, 2012)J/ApJS/190/1 : A survey of stellar families (Raghavan+, 2010)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/153/117https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/153/117http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/153/117https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/153/117https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/153/117http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/153/117GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/153/117/table1 (Observed companions of the KOI host sample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/153/117/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/153/117/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/153/117/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true286.808491449.31641420.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/AJ/153/117/table2 (*Radius correction factors)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/153/117/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/153/117/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/153/117/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true289.739713144.64739390.0055555555555555565/3694 3706 3792 6/14567 14578 14579 14581 14585 14586 14589 14591 14732 14734 14735 14751 14752 14753 14755 14756 14759 14760 14762 14763 14764 14765 14767 14768 14771 14772 14773 14781 14783 14794 14816 14828 14830 14917 14918 14919 14920 14921 14923 14924 14927 14928 14929 14931 14932 14933 14936 14937 14939 14940 14942 14944 14947 14948 14950 14953 14954 14959 14966 14969 14970 14975 15041 15043 15045 15105 15106 15107 15111 15112 15113 15114 15119 15121 15126 15129 15131 15132 15133 15134 15136 15139 15140 15143 15146 15147 15149 15151 15154 15155 15156 15158 15159 15173 15174 15200https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/153/117?format=asciidefaultJ/AJ/153/117/table1Observed companions of the KOI host sampleNoteNotes on system (5)meta.notecharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKOIKepler Object of Interest (KOI) number (1)meta.id;meta.mainintprimarym_KOI[BC] Companion identifier (B or C) (1)meta.code.multipcharNpNumber of planetary candidates or confirmed planets (table2)meta.numberintnullableXrindicates planet radius correction factor (table2)meta.ref.urlcharSep[0.04/2] Separation (companion relative to primary) (1)arcsecpos.angDistance;src.orbitalfloate_Sep[0.05/0.15] Uncertainty in Sep (1)arcsecstat.errorfloatPA[1.7/357.8] Position angle (companion relative to primary), from North through East (1)degpos.posAngfloate_PA[1/5.16] Uncertainty in PA (1)degstat.errorfloatDmag[-0.3/6.9]? Magnitude difference, Kepler band ({Delta}Kp) (2)magphot.mag;arith.difffloatnullablee_Dmag[0/1.31]? Uncertainty in Dmag (2)magstat.error;phot.mag;arith.difffloatnullableCoff[0/30.1] Average color offset, in {sigma} unit (3)phot.mag;arith.zpfloate_Coff[0.07/24.2]? Uncertainty in Coff, in {sigma} (3)stat.errorfloatnullableBckg[6.54e-06/10.9]? Background probability (4)%statdoublenullableBound[0.94/18.64]? System bound probability (4)%statfloatnullableSystemSystem designation (either Bound, Unbound, or Uncertain) (3)meta.notecharF17Number of data in the imaging of Furlan et al. 2017 (Cat. J/AJ/153/71)meta.numberintnullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RAPosition from SIMBAD for the KOI host star (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPosition from SIMBAD for the KOI host star (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/AJ/153/117/table2*Radius correction factorsSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharr_RpLiterature reference for Rp (3)meta.ref;pos.framecharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintKOI[5/7587] Kepler Object of Interest (KOI) numbermeta.id;meta.mainintNcomp[1/4] Number of companions detected within 2'' (1)meta.numberintDmag2[-0.21/7.25] Magnitude difference, Kepler band for the secondary companion ({Delta}Kp_21_)magphot.mag;arith.difffloatDmag3[0.35/7.26]? Magnitude difference, Kepler band for the tertiary companion ({Delta}Kp_31_)magphot.mag;arith.difffloatnullablePlanetKOI of planetary candidate or confirmed planetmeta.id.assocfloatRp[0.51/33.62] Previous best estimate of the planet radius (R_p_) (2)(6.3781x10+6m)phys.size.radiusfloate_Rp[0.04/1.95]? Uncertainty in Rp (2)(6.3781x10+6m)stat.errorfloatnullableXR1[1/1.8] Calculated radius correction factor, assuming the planet orbits the primary (X_R1_) (4)instr.paramfloatXR2[1.2/5.1]? Calculated radius correction factor, assuming the planet orbits the secondary (X_R2_) (4)instr.paramfloatnullableM16Indicates a planet in Morton et al. 2016 (Cat. J/ApJ/822/86)meta.numberintnullableR14Indicates a planet in Rowe et al. 2014 (Cat. J/ApJ/784/45)meta.numberintnullableXieIndicates a planet in Xie et al. 2013 (Cat. J/ApJS/208/22), or in Xie et al. 2014 (Cat. J/ApJS/210/25)meta.numberintnullable_RAPosition from SIMBAD for the KOI planet (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainnullable_DEPosition from SIMBAD for the KOI planet (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainnullableJ/AJ/153/117/notesNotesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintCodeNote codemeta.codecharNoteNotesmeta.notechar