J/AJ/151/3ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/151/3doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.51510003CDSGullikson K.Kraus A.Dodson-Robinson S.Jaffe D.Lee J.-E.Mace G.N.,MacQueen P.Park S.Riddle A.2017-12-22T05:32:46Z2016-10-03T13:11:25ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frearly-type-starslate-type-starsspectroscopic-binary-starsmultiple-starseffective-temperaturestellar-spectral-typesYoung, intermediate-mass stars are experiencing renewed interest as targets for direct-imaging planet searches. However, these types of stars are part of multiple systems more often than not. Close stellar companions affect the formation and orbital architecture of planetary systems, and the properties of the companions can help constrain the binary formation mechanism. Unfortunately, close companions are difficult and expensive to detect with imaging techniques. In this paper, we describe the direct spectral detection method wherein a high-resolution spectrum of the primary is cross-correlated against a template for a companion star. Variants of this method have previously been used to search for stellar, brown dwarf, and even planetary companions. We show that the direct spectral detection method can detect companions as late as M-type orbiting A0 or earlier primary stars in a single epoch on small-aperture telescopes. In addition to estimating the detection limits, we determine the sources of uncertainty in characterizing the companion temperature, and find that large systematic biases can exist. After calibrating the systematic biases with synthetic binary star observations, we apply the method to a sample of 34 known binary systems with an A- or B-type primary star. We detect nine total companions, including four of the five known companions with literature temperatures between 4000K<T<6000K, the temperature range for which our method is optimized. We additionally characterize the companion for the first time in two previously single-lined binary systems and one binary identified with speckle interferometry. This method provides an inexpensive way to use small-aperture telescopes to detect binary companions with moderate mass ratios, and is competitive with high-resolution imaging techniques inside ~100-200mas.2016AJ....151....3Ghttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/151/3CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toB/wds : The Washington Visual Double Star Catalog (Mason+ 2001-2014)B/sb9 : 9th Catalogue of Spectroscopic Binary Orbits (Pourbaix+ 2004-2014)I/239 : The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues (ESA 1997)J/ApJ/804/64 : Empirical and model parameters of 183 M dwarfs (Mann+, 2015)J/ApJS/208/9 : Intrinsic colors & temperatures of PMS stars (Pecaut+, 2013)J/ApJ/757/112 : Stellar diameters. II. K and M-stars (Boyajian+, 2012)J/A+A/530/A138 : Geneva-Copenhagen survey re-analysis (Casagrande+, 2011)J/A+A/547/A106 : Li abundances in the FGK dwarfs (Mishenina+, 2012)J/A+A/512/A54 : Teff and Fbol from Infrared Flux Method (Casagrande+, 2010)J/MNRAS/389/585 : Fundamental parameters of M dwarfs (Casagrande+, 2008)J/A+A/487/373 : Spectroscopic paramet. of 451 HARPS-GTO stars (Sousa+, 2008)J/ApJ/626/446 : Effective temperature scale of FGK stars (Ramirez+, 2005)J/ApJS/159/141 : Spectroscopic properties of cool stars. I. (Valenti+, 2005)J/AJ/130/767 : Radial velocities of close binary stars (Rucinski+, 2005)J/A+AS/117/227 : Dwarf effective temperatures (Alonso+ 1996)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/151/3https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/151/3http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/AJ/151/3https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/151/3https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/151/3http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/AJ/151/3GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/AJ/151/3/table1 (Early type calibration stars)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/151/3/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/151/3/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/151/3/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true3.727083-9.5695560.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/AJ/151/3/table3 (Known binary stars)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/151/3/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/151/3/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/151/3/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true4.272916738.68163610.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/AJ/151/3/table2 (Late type calibration stars)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/151/3/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/151/3/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/AJ/151/3/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true77.91875-45.0183890.0055555555555555566/26 235 236 429 496 592 684 903 1020 1038 1069 1121 1153 1227 1384 1454 1720 1754 1770 2591 2697 2737 2939 2947 3020 3118 3132 3144 3184 3681 3784 3793 3892 4018 4104 4224 4611 4655 4824 4839 4942 5009 5137 5149 5223 5267 5299 5336 5339 5345 5420 5450 5522 5853 6056 6204 6211 6339 6346 6523 6739 6941 7205 7239 7865 8219 8354 8466 8476 8496 8571 8687 8843 8887 9081 9521 9702 10067 10202 10317 10334 10660 11120 11548 11636 11817 11837 12821 12848 12865 13025 13127 13187 13301 13557 13723 13915 13953 14126 14472 14539 14653 14728 14763 14843 14878 15167 15174 15179 15383 15438 15708 15782 15938 16240 16686 16974 16990 17219 17254 17314 17425 18299 18856 18942 18952 19386 19466 19827 19912 20047 20144 20440 20546 20551 20593 20753 20896 20991 21139 21165 21189 21271 21272 21399 21412 21430 21484 21538 21691 21788 21840 22104 22151 22160 22277 22285 22300 22444 22759 22824 22862 22878 22938 22994 23064 23102 23115 23281 23369 23518 23552 23557 23978 24085 24087 24093 24107 24400 24924 25009 25414 25487 25950 26014 26024 26183 26575 26583 26963 27020 27029 27506 27699 27794 27863 28062 28336 28394 29582 29630 29684 30229 30419 30448 30655 30675 30897 31011 31078 31087 31121 31281 31507 31614 31664 31745 31751 31776 31781 31862 32094 32106 32145 32364 32542 34054 34181 34257 34456 35327 36177 36697 36804 36850 37497 38561 39373 39674 39696 39854 39877 40124 40692 40932 41687 41763 42560 42687 42719 42883 42932 42959 43097 43539 44075 44088 44284 44312 44313 45374 46800 46845 47775 47820 48203 48546 48636 48709 48749 48900https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/AJ/151/3?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/AJ/151/3/table1Early type calibration starsDateDate of observationtime.epochnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameStar namemeta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainSpTSpectral type from SIMBAD databasesrc.spTypecharVmag[2.9/6] V-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatKmag[2.6/6.4]? K-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.KfloatnullableInstInstrument (CHIRON, HRS, IGRINS, or TS23) (G1)meta.id;instrcharExp[3.7/200] Exposure timemintime.duration;obs.exposurefloatSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/AJ/151/3/table3Known binary starsHIP[1366/116611] HIP numbermeta.id;meta.mainintprimaryVmag[2.2/6] V-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMindicates measurements in table6 (metallicity, temperature, and velocity)meta.numberintnullableVisindicates a visual binary system (table5)meta.numberintnullableSBindicates a spectroscopic binary (table4)meta.numberintnullableRAJ2000Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainSpTSpectral type from SIMBAD databasesrc.spTypecharKmag[2.2/6.3]? K-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.KfloatnullableInstInstrument (CHIRON, HRS, IGRINS, or TS23) (G1)meta.id;instrcharDateDate of observationtime.epochnullableExp[3.73/140] Exposure timemintime.duration;obs.exposurefloatSB9Display the data from the 9th catalog of spectroscopic binary orbits (SB9; Pourbaix et al. 2004, Cat. B/sb9) within 1''meta.ref.urlcharWDSDisplay the data from the Washington Double Star catalog (WDS; Mason et al. 2014, Cat. B/wds) within 1''meta.ref.urlcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/AJ/151/3/table4Literature spectroscopic dataPer[0.5/8016] Perioddtime.periodfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintHIP[3300/116611] HIP number (1)meta.id;meta.mainintMindicates measurements in table6 (metallicity, temperature, and velocity)meta.numberintnullableRef[3/18] Reference for orbital data (2)meta.ref;pos.frameintK1[6/49.7] Orbital amplitude of the primarykm/ssrc.var.amplitudefloatK2[99]? Orbital amplitude of the secondarykm/ssrc.var.amplitudefloatnullableJ/AJ/151/3/table6Companion datarecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintHIP[13165/116611] HIP numbermeta.id;meta.mainintVisindicates a visual binary system (table5)meta.numberintnullableSBindicates a spectroscopic binary (table4)meta.numberintnullableTeff1[4620/6820]? Measured effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintnullablee_Teff1[112/162]? Uncertainty in TeffKstat.errorintnullable[Fe/H]1[-0.5/0.5]? Measured metallicitylog(Sun)phys.abund.Zfloatnullablevsini1[5/30]? Measured rotational velocitykm/sphys.veloc.rotatintnullableTeff2[3842/7366]? Expected effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintnullablee_Teff2[-550/-11]? Negative uncertainty in Teff2Kstat.errorintnullableE_Teff2[34/579]? Positive uncertainty in Teff2Kstat.error;stat.maxintnullablevsini2[2/13]? Expected rotational velocity (1)km/sphys.veloc.rotatintnullablee_vsini2[-9/-1]? Negative uncertainty in vsini2km/sstat.errorintnullableE_vsini2[3/18]? Positive uncertainty in vsini2km/sstat.error;stat.maxintnullableJ/AJ/151/3/table5Literature imaging datarecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintHIP[1366/116611] HIP number (1)meta.id;meta.mainintMindicates measurements in table6 (metallicity, temperature, and velocity)meta.numberintnullableRef[1/12] Reference (2)meta.ref;pos.frameintSep[0.04/1.2] Separationarcsecpos.angDistancefloatdmag[0.5/6]? {Delta} magnitude ({Delta}m)magphot.magfloatnullablee_dmag[0/0.15]? Error in dmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullablelambda[511/4770] Wavelength {lambda}nmem.wlintJ/AJ/151/3/table2Late type calibration starsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameStar namemeta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000Hour of Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Degree of Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainVmag[0.3/11.3] V-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatKmag[-0.65/7.1] K-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.KfloatTeff[3218/6912] Effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveinte_Teff[7/168] Error in TeffKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectiveintr_Teff[1/15] Reference for Teff (1)meta.ref;pos.frameintInstInstrument (CHIRON, HRS, IGRINS, or TS23) (G1)meta.id;instrcharDateDate of observationtime.epochnullableExp[0.03/65] Exposure timemintime.duration;obs.exposurefloatSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar