J/A+A/713/A93ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/713/A93CDSJadhav V.V.Kroupa P.Miller D.R.Sahu S.Frantisek D.Subr L.2026-09-10T07:09:29Z2026-09-10T08:01:27ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmilky-way-galaxyopen-star-clusterswhite-dwarf-starsvisible-astronomyRecent Gaia studies have identified numerous open clusters (OCs) and tidal tail catalogues, enabling systematic searches for white dwarfs (WDs) associated with clusters and their extended structures. We compile a literature-based sample of OC-WD pairs to validate WD membership in cluster cores and tidal tails, investigate the initial-final mass relation (IFMR), identify WDs formed through non-canonical evolution, and interpret the observed WD populations using a grid of N-body simulations. We combine Gaia DR3 cluster and tidal tail catalogues with ultraviolet-to- infrared photometry to analyse the OC-WD pairs. WD masses, cooling ages, radii, effective temperatures, and luminosities are estimated using colour- magnitude diagrams and spectral energy distributions. These observations are interpreted in the context of N-body simulations. We identify 235 OC-WD pairs in 80 clusters, including 99 WDs in tidal tails. More than 28% of the pairs are likely spurious, with contamination substantially higher in the tails (>48%) than in the cluster cores (>13%), indicating significant field-star contamination in current Gaia-based catalogues. The Pleiades tidal tails also show severe contamination by old WDs. Simulations predict that the fraction of core WDs increases with cluster age, reaching >10%, whereas the observed fractions remain systematically lower, consistent with the WD deficit problem. Despite the high contamination rate, most tail WDs (~83%) are consistent with having been born inside the tidal radius. We additionally identify 63 candidate binary-origin WDs and 47 new IFMR candidates. WDs provide a powerful probe of contamination in cluster and tidal tail catalogues and place important constraints on cluster detection methods and N-body simulations. Resolving the WD deficit and improving membership validation will require improved observations, membership methods, WD physics, and spectroscopic follow-up, ultimately enabling stronger constraints on dynamical cluster evolution and the WD IFMR.2026A&A...713A..93Jhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/713/A93CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)J/A+A/686/A42 : Improving the open cluster census. III. (Hunt+, 2024)J/ApJ/996/69 : Open-cluster DA white dwarf IFMR sample (Miller+, 2026)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/713/A93https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/713/A93http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/713/A93https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/713/A93https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/713/A93http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/713/A93GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/713/A93/tableb1 (Cluster parameters and their source)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/713/A93/tableb1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/713/A93/tableb1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/713/A93/tableb1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true238.67167-83.716690.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/713/A93/tableb2 (WD parameters derived from the astrometry, tidal tail membership, colour magnitude diagram and the spectral energy distribution)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/713/A93/tableb2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/713/A93/tableb2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/713/A93/tableb2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true57.20948-0.976360.0055555555555555566/279 287 326 344 351 390 463 473 862 918 1038 1167 1259 1554 1624 1733 1754 1785 2289 2315 2381-2382 2384 2394 2433 2436-2437 2615 2680 2743 2784-2785 2789 2863 2945 3062 3123 3136 3259-3260 3263 3266 3300 3601-3606 3608 3611 3614 3632 3834 3985 4253 4296 4298 4349 4684-4685 4690 4696 4698-4699 4702 4704 4709-4710 4720 4726 4801 4853 5655 5866 5870 6049 6138 6154 6867 7168 9120 12932 13296 13795 13962 14001 14042 14053 14058 14074 14090 14130 14152 14157 14162 14233 14263 14363 14571 14644 14791 14793 14914 15215 15374 15396 15424 15448 15450 15828 15916 16490 16508 16627 16976 16983 17530 18975 18993 19030 20459-20460 20831 20853-20854 21416 21503 21554-21555 21566 21774-21775 22132 22205 22305 22869 23004 23101 23407 23445 23468 23495 23507 23538 23544-23545 23618 23667 23943 23987 24215 24522 24556 28432 28482-28483 28559 28711 28717 28721 28806 28809 29016 29045 29047 29101 29118 29121 29126 29312 29728 29730 29767 29779 29787 30439 30680 31071 31551 31594 31779 31790 31812 31821 31876 32111 32182 32188 32533 33099 33107 33126 34485 34536 36169 36180 37291 37297-37298 37353 37583 37592-37593 37616 37654 37677 37688 37794 37859 37926 37933-37934 37938 37942 37944-37946 38018 38078 38117 38119 38467 38561 38578 38607 38627 39251 39255 39288 39350 39354-39356 39785 39908 39937 40879 40985 41105 41109 41201 41204 41394 41400 41426 41436 41597 41669 41834 42024 42026 42777 43035 43038 47278 47623 48534 485438.157980699529898e-21 1.4134638842407062e-18https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/713/A93?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/A+A/713/A93/tableb1Cluster parameters and their sourcerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNWDtotalTotal number of WDs associated with the clustermeta.numberintNWDcoreNumber of WDs in the cluster coremeta.numberintNWDtailNumber of WDs in the cluster tailsmeta.numberinte_[Fe/H]Error in [Fe/H]stat.error;phys.abund.Fefloatr_[Fe/H]Reference for [Fe/H]meta.refcharAVCluster extinction in V-bandmagphys.absorptionfloatb_AV16th percentile of AVmagphot.magfloatSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullable_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.raindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.decindexedRA_ICRSRight ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2016degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDE_ICRSDeclination (ICRS) at Ep=2016degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainpmRA? Proper motion in R.A. direction (pmRA*cosDE, Hunt et al., 2024A&A...686A..42H, Cat. J/A+A/686/A42)mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.radoublenullablepmDE? Proper motion in Dec. direction (Hunt+2024)mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decdoublenullableRV? Radial velocity (Hunt et al., 2024A&A...686A..42H, Cat. J/A+A/686/A42)km/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricfloatnullableDistCluster heliocentric distancepcpos.distancefloatb_Dist16th percentile of distancepcpos.distancefloatB_Dist84th percentile of distancepcpos.distancefloatr_DistReference for distancemeta.ref;pos.framecharAgeCluster ageMyrtime.agefloatb_Age16th percentile of ageMyrtime.agefloatB_Age84th percentile of ageMyrtime.agefloatr_AgeReference for agemeta.ref;pos.framechar[Fe/H]Cluster metallicityphys.abund.ZfloatB_AV84th percentile of AVmagphot.magfloatRefAVReference for AVmeta.bibcharCCSlimApp? Apparent G-band faint-end limit of the WD cooling sequence in the clustermagphot.magfloatnullableCCSlimAbs? Absolute G-band faint-end limit of the WD cooling sequence in the clustermagphot.magfloatnullableClusterName of the clustermeta.id;meta.maincharOCType[mo] Estimated type of object (o = Open cluster, m = moving group; Hunt et al., 2024A&A...686A..42H, Cat. J/A+A/686/A42)src.classcharJ/A+A/713/A93/tableb2WD parameters derived from the astrometry, tidal tail membership, colour magnitude diagram and the spectral energy distributionrSkyOn-sky projected angular separation from the cluster centredegpos.angDistancedoubler3D3D cartesian separation from the cluster centrepcpos.distance;phys.size;pos.cartesianfloatb_Dist16th percentile of distpcpos.distance;stat.minfloatB_MprogGaia? 84th percentile of MprogGaiasolMassphys.mass;stat.maxfloatnullablee_SDSSumag? Error in SDSS_umagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableSDSSgmag? Apparent SDSS g-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Bfloatnullablee_SDSSgmag? Error in SDSS_gmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableSDSSrmag? Apparent SDSS r-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloatnullablee_SDSSrmag? Error in SDSS_rmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableSDSSimag? Apparent SDSS i-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Ifloatnullablee_SDSSimag? Error in SDSS_imagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullable_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.raindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.decindexedrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGaiaDR3Gaia DR3 source_idmeta.id;meta.mainClusterHost cluster namemeta.id.parentcharRefIDReference which identified the WD candidatemeta.ref;pos.framecharRA_ICRSRight ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2016degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDE_ICRSDeclination (ICRS) at Ep=2016degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainpmRAProper motion in R.A. direction (pmRA*cosDE, Gaia)mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.radoublepmDEProper motion in Dec. direction (Gaia)mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decdoubleDistHeliocentric distance of the WDpcpos.distancefloatB_Dist84th percentile of distpcpos.distance;stat.maxfloatb_AV16th percentile of AVmagphot.magfloatAVWD extinction in V-bandmagphys.absorptionfloatB_AV84th percentile of AVmagphot.magfloatr_AVReference for AVmeta.ref;pos.framecharinTail[0/1] Whether the WD is part of the cluster tidal tail (0=core, 1=tail)meta.codeintCrowGradeSpatial crowding based on Gaia source (1)stat.fit.paramcharCMDposWD classification based on the CMD (2)meta.code.classcharRV? Radial velocity compiled from literature, arbitrarily corrected for gravitational redshiftkm/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricfloatnullabler_RV? Source of the literature radial velocitymeta.ref;pos.framecharb_MWDGaia? 16th percentile of MWDGaiasolMassphys.mass;stat.minfloatnullableMWDGaia? Mass of the WD based on Gaia CMDsolMassphys.massfloatnullableB_MWDGaia? 84th percentile of MWDGaiasolMassphys.mass;stat.maxfloatnullableb_MWDPS1? 16th percentile of MWDPS1solMassphys.mass;stat.minfloatnullableMWDPS1? Mass of the WD based on PS1 CMDsolMassphys.massfloatnullableB_MWDPS1? 84th percentile of MWDPS1solMassphys.mass;stat.maxfloatnullableb_MWDSDSS? 16th percentile of MWDSDSSsolMassphys.mass;stat.minfloatnullableMWDSDSS? Mass of the WD based on SDSS CMDsolMassphys.massfloatnullableB_MWDSDSS? 84th percentile of MWDSDSSsolMassstat.errorfloatnullableb_TeffGaia? 16th percentile of TeffGaiaKphys.temperature.effective;stat.minintnullableTeffGaia? Effective temperature of the WD based on Gaia CMDKphys.temperature.effectiveintnullableB_TeffGaia? 84th percentile of TeffGaiaKphys.temperature.effective;stat.maxintnullableb_TeffPS1? 16th percentile of TeffPS1Kphys.temperature.effective;stat.minintnullableTeffPS1? Effective temperature of the WD based on PS1 CMDKphys.temperature.effectiveintnullableB_TeffPS1? 84th percentile of TeffPS1Kphys.temperature.effective;stat.maxintnullableb_TeffSDSS? 16th percentile of TeffSDSSKphys.temperature.effective;stat.minintnullableTeffSDSS? Effective temperature of the WD based on SDSS CMDKphys.temperature.effectiveintnullableB_TeffSDSS? 84th percentile of TeffSDSSKphys.temperature.effective;stat.maxintnullableb_TCoolGaia? 16th percentile of TCoolGaiaMyrtime.epoch;stat.minfloatnullableTCoolGaia? Cooling time of the WD based on Gaia CMDMyrtime.epochfloatnullableB_TCoolGaia? 84th percentile of TCoolGaiaMyrtime.epoch;stat.maxfloatnullableb_TCoolPS1? 16th percentile of TCoolPS1Myrtime.epoch;stat.minfloatnullableTCoolPS1? Cooling time of the WD based on PS1 CMDMyrtime.epochfloatnullableB_TCoolPS1? 84th percentile of TCoolPS1Myrtime.epoch;stat.maxfloatnullableb_TCoolSDSS? 16th percentile of TCoolSDSSMyrtime.epoch;stat.minfloatnullableTCoolSDSS? Cooling time of the WD based on SDSS CMDMyrtime.epochfloatnullableB_TCoolSDSS? 84th percentile of TCoolSDSSMyrtime.epoch;stat.maxfloatnullableb_MprogGaia? 16th percentile of MprogGaiasolMassphys.mass;stat.minfloatnullableMprogGaia? Mass of the WD progenitor based on Gaia CMD cooling time and the initial mass of the AGB tip at WD birthsolMassphys.massfloatnullableTeffSED? WD temperature from SEDKphys.temperatureintnullablee_TeffSED? Error in TeffKstat.errorintnullableloggSED? WD surface gravity from SED (not a precise value)log(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatnullablee_loggSED? Error in logglog(cm.s**-2)stat.errorfloatnullableLbolSED? WD luminosity from SEsolLumphys.luminositydoublenullablee_LbolSED? Error in LbolsolLumstat.errordoublenullableRadSED? WD radius from SEDkmphys.size.radiusintnullablee_RadSED? Error in Radkmstat.errorintnullablechi2SED? Fitting chi2 of the SEDstat.fit.chi2floatnullablelogSFSED? Log10 of scaling factor in the SED, SF=(radius/distances)^2^arith.factorfloatnullableGmagApparent Gaia G-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.optfloate_GmagError in Gmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatBPmagApparent Gaia BP-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Bfloate_BPmagError in BPmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatRPmagApparent Gaia RP-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloate_RPmagError in RPmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatF148Wmag? Apparent UVIT F148W-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.UVfloatnullablee_F148Wmag? Error in F148Wmagmagstat.errorfloatnullableF154Wmag? Apparent UVIT F154W-band magnitudemagphot.magfloatnullablee_F154Wmag? Error in F154Wmagmagstat.errorfloatnullableF169Mmag? Apparent UVIT F169M-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.UVfloatnullablee_F169Mmag? Error in F169Mmagmagstat.errorfloatnullableF172Mmag? Apparent UVIT F172M-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.UVfloatnullablee_F172Mmag? Error in F172Mmagmagstat.errorfloatnullableN219Mmag? Apparent UVIT N219M-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.UVfloatnullablee_N219Mmag? Error in N219Mmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableN245Mmag? Apparent UVIT N245M-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.UVfloatnullablee_N245Mmag? Error in N245Mmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableN263Mmag? Apparent UVIT N263M-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.UVfloatnullablee_N263Mmag? Error in N263Mmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableN279Nmag? Apparent UVIT N279N-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.UVfloatnullablee_N279Nmag? Error in N279Nmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableGALEX? GALEX ID from GUVcat_AIS GR6+7meta.idnullableFUVmag? Apparent GALEX FUV-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.UVfloatnullablee_FUVmag? Error in FUVmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableNUVmag? Apparent GALEX NUV-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.UVfloatnullablee_NUVmag? Error in NUVmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullablePS1objID? PanSTARRS DR1 IDmeta.idnullablePS1gmag? Apparent PS1 g-band magnitudemagphot.magfloatnullablee_PS1gmag? Error in PS1_gmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullablePS1rmag? Apparent PS1 r-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloatnullablee_PS1rmag? Error in PS1_rmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullablePS1imag? Apparent PS1 i-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Ifloatnullablee_PS1imag? Error in PS1_imagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullablePS1zmag? Apparent PS1 z-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Ifloatnullablee_PS1zmag? Error in PS1_zmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullablePS1ymag? Apparent PS1 y-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Jfloatnullablee_PS1ymag? Error in PS1_ymagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableSDSSobjID? SDSS DR16 IDmeta.idnullableSDSSumag? Apparent SDSS u-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.UfloatnullableSDSSzmag? Apparent SDSS z-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Ifloatnullablee_SDSSzmag? Error in SDSS_zmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullable2MASS2MASS IDmeta.idcharJmag? Apparent 2MASS J-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Jfloatnullablee_Jmag? Error in Jmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableHmag? Apparent 2MASS H-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Hfloatnullablee_Hmag? Error in Hmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableKmag? Apparent 2MASS Ks-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloatnullablee_Kmag? Error in Kmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableAllWISEWISE IDmeta.idcharW1mag? Apparent WISE W1-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatnullablee_W1mag? Error in W1magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableW2mag? Apparent WISE W2-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullablee_W2mag? Error in W2magmagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableW3mag? Apparent WISE W3-band magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umintnullablee_W3mag? Error in W3magmagstat.error;phot.magintnullableW4mag? Apparent WISE W4-band magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umintnullablee_W4mag? Error in W4magmagstat.error;phot.magintnullableGMAGAbsolute Gaia G-band magnitudemagphot.magfloate_GMAGError in GMAGmagstat.errorfloatBPMAGAbsolute Gaia BP-band magnitudemagphot.magfloate_BPMAGError in BPMAGmagstat.errorfloatRPMAGAbsolute Gaia RP-band magnitudemagphot.magfloate_RPMAGError in RPMAGmagstat.errorfloatBP-RPabsAbsolute Gaia BP-RP colourmagphys.magAbsfloate_BP-RPabsError in BP-RPabsmagstat.errorfloatr_DistReference for distmeta.ref;pos.framecharSpTypeSpectral type of the WD (Miller et al., 2026ApJ...996...69M, Cat. J/ApJ/996/69)src.spTypechar