J/A+A/713/A41ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/713/A41CDSIvleva A.Dolag K.Remus R.-S.Forbes D.A.Marin-Gilabert T.2026-09-03T07:53:15Z2026-09-03T08:52:46ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxiesstellar-massesphotometryvisible-astronomygalaxy-classification-systemsMotivated by the discovery of peculiar dwarf galaxies inside galaxy clusters such as blue candidates (BCs), dark galaxies and ultra- diffuse galaxies (UDGs), we present hydrodynamic simulations of galaxy mergers in cluster environments. We vary the viscosity and stellar feedback prescriptions, realistically modelling possible conditions for hydrodynamic drag and fluid instabilities, as well as internal destabilization through stellar feedback-driven heating and gas loss. We find that long-lived tidal dwarf galaxies (TDGs) can form throughout all viscosity values applicable to galaxy clusters if stellar feedback is moderate. Our results expand on studies of cloud crushing simulations, investigating the entrainment problem in intracluster medium ambience. The smallest clouds have gas masses on the order of M_gas_~10^7^M_{sun}_ and reach relatively low final drift velocities of ~100km/s. The lowest possible Reynolds number acting on this class of clouds is Re~ 1 for full Spitzer viscosity. Almost all TDGs display elevated star formation rates of 0.01-0.1M_{sun}_/yr, which are stable across several Gyr. Based on their matching properties, we support that BCs observed in the Virgo cluster are likely stripped TDGs. Similar features are also found in comparison with dark galaxies and baryon-dominated UDGs, implying that a subsample of these objects are also long-lived TDGs. This work provides evidence that stripping from galaxy mergers is a viable formation channel for a subgroup of dark matter-deficient galaxies and stable cold gas clouds observed in galaxy clusters.2026A&A...713A..41Ihttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/713/A41CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/713/A41https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/713/A41http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/713/A41https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/713/A41https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/713/A41http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/713/A41GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapOpticaldefaultJ/A+A/713/A41/propaProperties of setup A (table C1)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordinttTime [Gyr]Gyrtime.agefloatDwarf1log(Mg)? log10 Gas masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf1log(M*)? log10 Stellar masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf1log(r*)? log10 Stellar half-mass radiuslog(kpc)pos.distancefloatnullableDwarf1log(SFR)? log10 Star formation ratelog(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableDwarf1log(LV)? log10 V-band luminositylog(mag)phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableDwarf2log(Mg)? log10 Gas masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf2log(M*)? log10 Stellar masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf2log(r*)? log10 Stellar half-mass radiuslog(kpc)pos.distancefloatnullableDwarf2log(SFR)? log10 Star formation ratelog(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableDwarf2log(LV)? log10 V-band luminositylog(mag)phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableDwarf3log(Mg)? log10 Gas masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf3log(M*)? log10 Stellar masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf3log(r*)? log10 Stellar half-mass radiuslog(kpc)pos.distancefloatnullableDwarf3log(SFR)? log10 Star formation ratelog(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableDwarf3log(LV)? log10 V-band luminositylog(mag)phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableDwarf4log(Mg)? log10 Gas masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf4log(M*)? log10 Stellar masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf4log(r*)? log10 Stellar half-mass radiuslog(kpc)pos.distancefloatnullableDwarf4log(SFR)? log10 Star formation ratelog(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableDwarf4log(LV)? log10 V-band luminositylog(mag)phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableDwarf5log(Mg)? log10 Gas masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf5log(M*)? log10 Stellar masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf5log(r*)? log10 Stellar half-mass radiuslog(kpc)pos.distancefloatnullableDwarf5log(SFR)? log10 Star formation ratelog(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableDwarf5log(LV)? log10 V-band luminositylog(mag)phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableDwarf6log(Mg)? log10 Gas mass (not for setup C)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf6log(M*)? log10 Stellar mass (not for setup C)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf6log(r*)? log10 Stellar half-mass radius (not for setup C)log(kpc)pos.distancefloatnullableDwarf6log(SFR)? log10 Star formation rate (not for setup C)log(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableDwarf6log(LV)? log10 V-band luminosity (not for setup C)log(mag)phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableDwarf7log(Mg)? log10 Gas mass (not for setup C)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf7log(M*)? log10 Stellar mass (not for setup C)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf7log(r*)? log10 Stellar half-mass radius (not for setup C)log(kpc)pos.distancefloatnullableDwarf7log(SFR)? log10 Star formation rate (not for setup C)log(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableDwarf7log(LV)? log10 V-band luminosity (not for setup C)log(mag)phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableDwarf8log(Mg)? log10 Gas mass (only for setup A)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf8log(M*)? log10 Stellar mass (only for setup A)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf8log(r*)? log10 Stellar half-mass radius (only for setup A)log(kpc)pos.distancefloatnullableDwarf8log(SFR)? log10 Star formation rate (only for setup A)log(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableDwarf8log(LV)? log10 V-band luminosity (only for setup A)log(mag)phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableJ/A+A/713/A41/propbProperties of setup B (table C1)tTime [Gyr]Gyrtime.agefloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintDwarf1log(Mg)? log10 Gas masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf1log(M*)? log10 Stellar masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf1log(r*)? log10 Stellar half-mass radiuslog(kpc)pos.distancefloatnullableDwarf1log(SFR)? log10 Star formation ratelog(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableDwarf1log(LV)? log10 V-band luminositylog(mag)phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableDwarf2log(Mg)? log10 Gas masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf2log(M*)? log10 Stellar masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf2log(r*)? log10 Stellar half-mass radiuslog(kpc)pos.distancefloatnullableDwarf2log(SFR)? log10 Star formation ratelog(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableDwarf2log(LV)? log10 V-band luminositylog(mag)phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableDwarf3log(Mg)? log10 Gas masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf3log(M*)? log10 Stellar masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf3log(r*)? log10 Stellar half-mass radiuslog(kpc)pos.distancefloatnullableDwarf3log(SFR)? log10 Star formation ratelog(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableDwarf3log(LV)? log10 V-band luminositylog(mag)phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableDwarf4log(Mg)? log10 Gas masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf4log(M*)? log10 Stellar masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf4log(r*)? log10 Stellar half-mass radiuslog(kpc)pos.distancefloatnullableDwarf4log(SFR)? log10 Star formation ratelog(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableDwarf4log(LV)? log10 V-band luminositylog(mag)phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableDwarf5log(Mg)? log10 Gas masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf5log(M*)? log10 Stellar masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf5log(r*)? log10 Stellar half-mass radiuslog(kpc)pos.distancefloatnullableDwarf5log(SFR)? log10 Star formation ratelog(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableDwarf5log(LV)? log10 V-band luminositylog(mag)phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableDwarf6log(Mg)? log10 Gas mass (not for setup C)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf6log(M*)? log10 Stellar mass (not for setup C)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf6log(r*)? log10 Stellar half-mass radius (not for setup C)log(kpc)pos.distancefloatnullableDwarf6log(SFR)? log10 Star formation rate (not for setup C)log(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableDwarf6log(LV)? log10 V-band luminosity (not for setup C)log(mag)phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableDwarf7log(Mg)? log10 Gas mass (not for setup C)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf7log(M*)? log10 Stellar mass (not for setup C)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf7log(r*)? log10 Stellar half-mass radius (not for setup C)log(kpc)pos.distancefloatnullableDwarf7log(SFR)? log10 Star formation rate (not for setup C)log(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableDwarf7log(LV)? log10 V-band luminosity (not for setup C)log(mag)phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableDwarf8log(Mg)? log10 Gas mass (only for setup A)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf8log(M*)? log10 Stellar mass (only for setup A)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf8log(r*)? log10 Stellar half-mass radius (only for setup A)log(kpc)pos.distancefloatnullableDwarf8log(SFR)? log10 Star formation rate (only for setup A)log(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableDwarf8log(LV)? log10 V-band luminosity (only for setup A)log(mag)phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableJ/A+A/713/A41/propcProperties of setup C (table C1)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordinttTime [Gyr]Gyrtime.agefloatDwarf1log(Mg)? log10 Gas masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf1log(M*)? log10 Stellar masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf1log(r*)? log10 Stellar half-mass radiuslog(kpc)pos.distancefloatnullableDwarf1log(SFR)? log10 Star formation ratelog(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableDwarf1log(LV)? log10 V-band luminositylog(mag)phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableDwarf2log(Mg)? log10 Gas masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf2log(M*)? log10 Stellar masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf2log(r*)? log10 Stellar half-mass radiuslog(kpc)pos.distancefloatnullableDwarf2log(SFR)? log10 Star formation ratelog(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableDwarf2log(LV)? log10 V-band luminositylog(mag)phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableDwarf3log(Mg)? log10 Gas masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf3log(M*)? log10 Stellar masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf3log(r*)? log10 Stellar half-mass radiuslog(kpc)pos.distancefloatnullableDwarf3log(SFR)? log10 Star formation ratelog(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableDwarf3log(LV)? log10 V-band luminositylog(mag)phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableDwarf4log(Mg)? log10 Gas masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf4log(M*)? log10 Stellar masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf4log(r*)? log10 Stellar half-mass radiuslog(kpc)pos.distancefloatnullableDwarf4log(SFR)? log10 Star formation ratelog(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableDwarf4log(LV)? log10 V-band luminositylog(mag)phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableDwarf5log(Mg)? log10 Gas masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf5log(M*)? log10 Stellar masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf5log(r*)? log10 Stellar half-mass radiuslog(kpc)pos.distancefloatnullableDwarf5log(SFR)? log10 Star formation ratelog(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableDwarf5log(LV)? log10 V-band luminositylog(mag)phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableDwarf6log(Mg)? log10 Gas mass (not for setup C)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf6log(M*)? log10 Stellar mass (not for setup C)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf6log(r*)? log10 Stellar half-mass radius (not for setup C)log(kpc)pos.distancefloatnullableDwarf6log(SFR)? log10 Star formation rate (not for setup C)log(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableDwarf6log(LV)? log10 V-band luminosity (not for setup C)log(mag)phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableDwarf7log(Mg)? log10 Gas mass (not for setup C)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf7log(M*)? log10 Stellar mass (not for setup C)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf7log(r*)? log10 Stellar half-mass radius (not for setup C)log(kpc)pos.distancefloatnullableDwarf7log(SFR)? log10 Star formation rate (not for setup C)log(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableDwarf7log(LV)? log10 V-band luminosity (not for setup C)log(mag)phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableDwarf8log(Mg)? log10 Gas mass (only for setup A)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf8log(M*)? log10 Stellar mass (only for setup A)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf8log(r*)? log10 Stellar half-mass radius (only for setup A)log(kpc)pos.distancefloatnullableDwarf8log(SFR)? log10 Star formation rate (only for setup A)log(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableDwarf8log(LV)? log10 V-band luminosity (only for setup A)log(mag)phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableJ/A+A/713/A41/propdProperties of setup D (table C1)tTime [Gyr]Gyrtime.agefloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintDwarf1log(Mg)? log10 Gas masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf1log(M*)? log10 Stellar masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf1log(r*)? log10 Stellar half-mass radiuslog(kpc)pos.distancefloatnullableDwarf1log(SFR)? log10 Star formation ratelog(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableDwarf1log(LV)? log10 V-band luminositylog(mag)phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableDwarf2log(Mg)? log10 Gas masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf2log(M*)? log10 Stellar masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf2log(r*)? log10 Stellar half-mass radiuslog(kpc)pos.distancefloatnullableDwarf2log(SFR)? log10 Star formation ratelog(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableDwarf2log(LV)? log10 V-band luminositylog(mag)phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableDwarf3log(Mg)? log10 Gas masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf3log(M*)? log10 Stellar masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf3log(r*)? log10 Stellar half-mass radiuslog(kpc)pos.distancefloatnullableDwarf3log(SFR)? log10 Star formation ratelog(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableDwarf3log(LV)? log10 V-band luminositylog(mag)phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableDwarf4log(Mg)? log10 Gas masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf4log(M*)? log10 Stellar masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf4log(r*)? log10 Stellar half-mass radiuslog(kpc)pos.distancefloatnullableDwarf4log(SFR)? log10 Star formation ratelog(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableDwarf4log(LV)? log10 V-band luminositylog(mag)phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableDwarf5log(Mg)? log10 Gas masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf5log(M*)? log10 Stellar masslog(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf5log(r*)? log10 Stellar half-mass radiuslog(kpc)pos.distancefloatnullableDwarf5log(SFR)? log10 Star formation ratelog(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableDwarf5log(LV)? log10 V-band luminositylog(mag)phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableDwarf6log(Mg)? log10 Gas mass (not for setup C)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf6log(M*)? log10 Stellar mass (not for setup C)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf6log(r*)? log10 Stellar half-mass radius (not for setup C)log(kpc)pos.distancefloatnullableDwarf6log(SFR)? log10 Star formation rate (not for setup C)log(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableDwarf6log(LV)? log10 V-band luminosity (not for setup C)log(mag)phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableDwarf7log(Mg)? log10 Gas mass (not for setup C)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf7log(M*)? log10 Stellar mass (not for setup C)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf7log(r*)? log10 Stellar half-mass radius (not for setup C)log(kpc)pos.distancefloatnullableDwarf7log(SFR)? log10 Star formation rate (not for setup C)log(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableDwarf7log(LV)? log10 V-band luminosity (not for setup C)log(mag)phot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableDwarf8log(Mg)? log10 Gas mass (only for setup A)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf8log(M*)? log10 Stellar mass (only for setup A)log(solMass)phys.massfloatnullableDwarf8log(r*)? log10 Stellar half-mass radius (only for setup A)log(kpc)pos.distancefloatnullableDwarf8log(SFR)? log10 Star formation rate (only for setup A)log(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableDwarf8log(LV)? log10 V-band luminosity (only for setup A)log(mag)phot.mag;em.opt.Vfloatnullable