J/A+A/712/A242ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/712/A242CDSHeesen V.Edler H.W.Brueggen M.Stein M.Bomans D.J.Paladino R.,Chyzy K.T.Malek K.Lara-Lopez M.A.Tabatabaei F.S.2026-08-26T06:33:25Z2026-08-26T07:32:20ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxiesradio-sourcesinfrared-astronomyRadio continuum emission has the potential to be an extinction-free tracer of star formation. However, the relation between radio continuum luminosity and star formation rate, the radio-SFR relation, is potentially limited by various effects such as cosmic-ray transport, free-free absorption, and cosmic-ray electron energy losses. We aim to calibrate the radio-SFR relation in a sample of nearby galaxies ranging from dwarf to spiral galaxies covering nearly five orders of magnitude in SFR range. We include, both, global (individual galaxies) and local (spatially resolved, kiloparsec sized) measurements. We measured radio continuum luminosities at 144 MHz using observations with the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) and measure radio spectral indices using ancillary 1.4GHz data. Selecting 70 nearby (distance d<30Mpc) galaxies, 15 of which were used for local measurements, with rich ancillary data we present a study of the radio-SFR relation using total infrared, mid-infrared, H{alpha}, and far-ultraviolet as complementary SFR tracers. About one third of our sample are at least moderately star-forming edge-on galaxies with the remaining ones chosen to be a representative sample of a wide range of morphological types and SFR values. For the first time, we show that the radio luminosity (L144), the star-formation rate (SFR), and the radio spectral index ({alpha}) define a "fundamental plane" in the [log(L144), log(SFR), {alpha}] space. This allows us to define a unified radio-SFR relation that works both for global and local data when using the radio spectral index as a second parameter. A unified radio-SFR relation for, both, global and local data may serve as a litmus test for galaxy simulations that include the effect of cosmic rays and magnetic fields. It also strengthens the case for using the radio-SFR relation as an extinction-free tracer of star formation.2026A&A...712A.242Hhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/712/A242CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/664/A83 : Nearby galaxies in LoTSS-DR2 (Heesen+, 2022)J/A+A/669/A8 : Nearby galaxies in LoTSS-DR2. II. (Heesen+, 2023)J/A+A/707/A198 : LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) DR3 (Shimwell+, 2026)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/712/A242https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/712/A242http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/712/A242https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/712/A242https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/712/A242http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/712/A242GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/712/A242/tablea1 (Properties of galaxies in the sample.)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/712/A242/tablea1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/712/A242/tablea1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/712/A242/tablea1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true5.0722359.30379110.0055555555555555566/764 2155 2320 2409 3042 3506 4511 5067 5181 5469 5492 5504 5587 5639 5715 5751 5799 5995 6037 6042 7241 7424 7550 7584 7602 7604 7606 7624 7743 7769 7799 7956 7970 8106 8225 10475 10674 10761 10841 10856 10888 10901 10911 10979 10986 11000 11027 11263 11375 11434 11457 11961 13522 15592 18398 27514 27830 27861 28015 28035 28039 28123 28141 28167 28184 28496 286319.54153977050123e-26 8.27688880188539e-21https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/712/A242?format=asciiInfraredRadiodefaultJ/A+A/712/A242/tablea1Properties of galaxies in the sample.recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGalaxyGalaxy namemeta.id;meta.maincharSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullabledDistanceMpcpos.distancefloatlog(SFR)Star formation rate from H{alpha} and 24um mid-infrared datalog(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatlog(SFR-TIR)Star formation rate estimated from the TIR luminositylog(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatlog(L144)Radio continuum luminosity at 144MHzlog(W.Hz**-1)phys.luminosity;em.radio.100-200MHz;spect.continuumfloate_log(L144)Radio continuum luminosity at 144MHz errorlog(W.Hz**-1)stat.errorfloatalpharadio spectral index between 144 and approximately 1400 MHzspect.index;em.radio.750-1500MHzfloate_alpharadio spectral index between 144 and approximately 1400 MHz errorstat.error;pos.eq.rafloata20Semi-major axis of flux integration ellipsearcminphys.angSize;srcfloatb20emi-minor axis of flux integration ellipsearcminphys.angSize;srcfloatPAposition angle of the semi-major axis of the integration ellipse (counting from North over East to South)degphys.angSize.smajAxisintlog(Mstar)Stellar masslog(solMass)phys.massfloat_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/A+A/712/A242/tablea2Total infrared and dust-corrected H{alpha} luminosities for the galaxies in the samplerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGalaxyGalaxy namemeta.id;meta.maincharS25? Infrared flux density at 25umJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloatnullableS60? Infrared flux density at 60umJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.30-60umfloatnullableS100? Infrared flux density at 100umJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.60-100umfloatnullablelog(LTIR)Total infrared luminosity at 2-1000umlog(solLum)phys.luminosity;em.IRfloatr_log(LTIR)Reference for log(LTIR) (1)meta.ref;pos.framecharlog(FHa+NII)? H{alpha} fluxlog(mW.m**-2)phot.flux;em.line.HalphafloatnullableNII/Ha? Fraction of NII, NII/H{alpha}phot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullabler_NII/HaReference for NII/Hameta.ref;pos.framecharS24? Flux density at 24umJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloatnullabler_S24Reference for S24 (1)meta.ref;pos.framecharlog(LHacorr)? Dust corrected H{alpha} fluxlog(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatnullableJ/A+A/712/A242/tablea3Radio spectral indices between 144 and approximately 1400MHznuObserved frequencyMHzem.freqintSnuFlux density at observed frequencyJyphot.flux.density;em.radiofloate_SnuFlux density at observed frequency errorJystat.errorfloatalphaRadio spectral index between 144 and approximately 1400 MHzspect.index;em.radio.750-1500MHzfloate_alphaRadio spectral index between 144 and approximately 1400 MHz errorstat.error;pos.eq.rafloatRefReferences (1)meta.refcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGalaxyGalaxy namemeta.id;meta.maincharS144Flux density at 144MHzJyphot.flux.density;em.radio.100-200MHzfloate_S144Flux density at 144MHz errorJystat.errorfloat