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<ri:Resource created="2026-07-21T08:58:04Z" status="active" updated="2026-08-03T00:00:00Z" version="1.2" xmlns:cs="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/ConeSearch/v1.0" xmlns:ri="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/RegistryInterface/v1.0" xmlns:vr="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/VOResource/v1.0" xmlns:vs="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/VODataService/v1.1" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.ivoa.net/xml/ConeSearch/v1.0 http://vo.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/docs/schemata/ConeSearch.xsd http://www.ivoa.net/xml/VOResource/v1.0 http://vo.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/docs/schemata/VOResource.xsd http://www.ivoa.net/xml/VODataService/v1.1 http://vo.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/docs/schemata/VODataService.xsd" xsi:type="vs:CatalogService"><title>TOPoS VII. Age-metallicity relation</title><shortName>J/A+A/711/A260</shortName><identifier>ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/711/A260</identifier><curation><publisher ivo-id="ivo://CDS">CDS</publisher><creator><name>Bonifacio P.</name></creator><creator><name>Lebreton Y.</name></creator><creator><name>Koutsouridou I.</name></creator><creator><name>Zou Y.P.</name></creator><creator><name>Romano D.,Salvadori S.</name></creator><creator><name>Sbordone L.</name></creator><creator><name>Monaco L.</name></creator><creator><name>Caffau E.</name></creator><creator><name>Spite M.</name></creator><creator><name>Francois P.</name></creator><date role="Updated">2026-07-21T07:58:46Z</date><date role="Created">2026-07-21T08:58:04Z</date><contact><name>CDS support team</name><address>CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France</address><email>cds-question@unistra.fr</email></contact></curation><content><subject>milky-way-galaxy</subject><subject>stellar-ages</subject><subject>stellar-masses</subject><description>One technique for determining stellar ages is to compare the position of a star in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram to theoretical stellar evolutionary tracks. The sub-giant evolutionary stage is the one that is most sensitive to age and allows the most precise evolutionary age estimates. The TOPoS sample of stars with metallicities derived from low-resolution Sloan Digital Sky Survey spectra contains a large subset of sub-giant stars with precise parallaxes from the Gaia mission, for which evolutionary ages can be determined. Our aim is to use this stellar sample to investigate the age-metallicity relation in the Galactic halo. We use the Bayesian inference code SPInS and theoretical BaSTI stellar evolutionary tracks to determine the ages for TOPoS stars. There is a clear increase in metallicity with decreasing age, albeit with a considerable scatter at any given age. At ages larger than 8 Ga, the scatter is so large that in fact, over this range, age and metallicity appear to be uncorrelated. At any given age, the metallicity distribution is multi-modal, with up to three distinct peaks. These peaks trace three age-metallicity relations that we tentatively identify with the halo, thick-disc, and thin-disc. Our data demonstrate the important role of mergers in the evolution of the Galaxy, up to 8 Ga ago. In more recent times, the spread in metallicity drops. One possibility is that the major merger Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus may have perturbed the galaxies in the Milky Way vicinity in such a way as to decrease the merger rate. Chemical evolution models and cosmological models of the Local Group both support the importance of mergers in the early evolution of the Milky Way. Larger, unbiased samples, or at least with well- understood biases, of stars with accurate ages are required for a quantitative comparison between models and data.</description><source format="bibcode">2026A&amp;A...711A.260B</source><referenceURL>https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/711/A260</referenceURL><type>Catalog</type><contentLevel>Research</contentLevel><relationship><relationshipType>IsServedBy</relationshipType><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/TAP">TAP VizieR generic service</relatedResource></relationship><relationship><relationshipType>IsServedBy</relationshipType><relatedResource>Conesearch service</relatedResource></relationship><relationship><relationshipType>related-to</relationshipType><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/651/A79">J/A+A/651/A79 : TO stars metallicity estimate (Bonifacio+, 2021)</relatedResource><relatedResource ivo-id="ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/692/A243">J/A+A/692/A243 : New stellar age estimates using SPInS (Casamiquela+, 2024)</relatedResource></relationship></content><rights>https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.html</rights><capability><interface xsi:type="vr:WebBrowser"><accessURL use="full">https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/711/A260</accessURL><mirrorURL title="VizieR at IUCAA: Pune, India">https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/711/A260</mirrorURL><mirrorURL title="VizieR at SAAO: SAAO, South Africa">http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/711/A260</mirrorURL></interface></capability><capability><interface xsi:type="vs:ParamHTTP"><accessURL use="base">https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/711/A260</accessURL><mirrorURL title="VizieR at IUCAA: Pune, India">https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/711/A260</mirrorURL><mirrorURL title="VizieR at SAAO: SAAO, South 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27199 27214 27220 27224 27230 27233 27235 27242 27256 27261 27277 27283 27299 27319 27333 27339 27342-27344 27346 27350-27351 27353 27363-27364 27372 27375-27377 27386 27388 27422 27424 27427 27437 27442 27451-27452 27454 27459 27469 27475-27477 27479 27493 27537 27540-27542 27548 27562 27568 27570-27571 27573-27574 27583 27591 27593 27601 27619 27632-27633 27635 27638 27644 27646-27649 27658 27668 27671-27672 27685 27692 27696 27704 27727-27728 27745 27750 27755 27758 27765 27784 27791 27807 27812 27818 27820 27829 27831 27833 27836 27838 27846-27847 27853 27856 27858 27864-27866 27869 27892 27905 27917-27918 27935 27937 27940 27943 27952 27955 27972-27973 27975-27976 27980-27982 27984-27986 27992 27994-27995 27999-28000 28003 28009 28011-28012 28014 28018 28021-28022 28027 28036 28046 28050 28052 28067-28068 28070-28071 28076 28078-28079 28082-28083 28114 28125 28131 28133 28137 28146-28147 28157-28159 28170 28191 28202-28203 28206 28210 28214 28219 28221 28223 28234 28256 28258 28261 28268-28269 28274 28277 28282 28288-28289 28296 28299-28300 28324 28328 28341 28345 28348 28350 28352 28354 28385 28389 28401 28409 28411 28417 28425 28438 28440-28441 28480 28486 28493 28500 28503 28513 28516 28518-28520 28527 28539-28540 28545 28558 28565 28567 28569 28574 28580 28593-28595 28608 28610 28615 28648-28649 28653 28657 28663-28664 28668-28669 29402-29403 29428 29430 29765 29780 30029 30031 30034-30035 30040-30042 30045-30047 30065 30069 31293-31294 31320-31321 31326 31339 31350 31374 31392 31406-31407 31409 31412 31432 31434 31443 31445 31447 31451 31481 31485-31486 31489 31522 31532-31533 31544 31598 31603 31606-31607 31609 31611 31622 31624 31627-31628 31631 31639 31649 31670 31676 31685-31687 31691-31692 31698 31704-31705 31715 31726-31727 31738 31886 31904-31906 31908 31910 32061 32104 32107-32108 32155 32177 32202 32399 32421 32427 32432-32434 32436 32439-32440 32443 32457-32458 32477-32479 32482-32483 32488 32490-32491 32494 32506-32507 32509-32510 32517 32519 32525 32527-32528 32530-32531 32547 32550 32553-32555 32641 32644 32650 32672 32674 32687 32690-32691 32694 32700 32702 36718 36723-36724 36731 36774-36775 36780-36782 36786 36789-36790 36792 36794 36803 36807 36809 36811 36816 36818 36842 36857 45054-45055 48859 48879 48886 48894 48989-48990 49009-49011 49014-49015 49020-49022 49077 49079 49085 49091 49094 49100 49120 49123 49126 49128-49129 49149</spatial><footprint ivo-id="ivo://ivoa.net/std/moc">https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/711/A260?format=ascii</footprint></coverage><tableset><schema><name>default</name><table><name>J/A+A/711/A260/ages</name><description>Ages and masses</description><column><name>recno</name><description>Record number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.</description><ucd>meta.record</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column><column><name>GaiaDR3</name><description>Gaia DR3 ID</description><ucd>meta.id;meta.main</ucd></column><column><name>RAJ2000</name><description>Right ascension (J2000)</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.ra;meta.main</ucd></column><column><name>DEJ2000</name><description>Declination (J2000)</description><unit>deg</unit><ucd>pos.eq.dec;meta.main</ucd></column><column><name>Agemean</name><description>Age</description><unit>Myr</unit><ucd>time.age</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>e_Agemean</name><description>Error on age</description><unit>Myr</unit><ucd>stat.error</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>logMassmean</name><description>Logarithm of mass</description><unit>log(solMass)</unit><ucd>phys.mass</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>e_logMassmean</name><description>Error on logarithm of mass</description><unit>log(solMass)</unit><ucd>stat.error</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">double</dataType></column><column><name>GSE</name><description>1 if GSE member, 0 otherwise</description><ucd>meta.code</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column><column><name>Seq</name><description>1 if Sequoia member, 0 otherwise</description><ucd>meta.code</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column><column><name>thick</name><description>1 if thick disc member, 0 otherwise</description><ucd>meta.code</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column><column><name>thinthick</name><description>1 if intermediate population between thin and thick disc, 0 otherwise</description><ucd>meta.code</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column><column><name>thin</name><description>1 if thin disc member, 0 otherwise</description><ucd>meta.code</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column><column><name>halo</name><description>1 if halo member, 0 otherwise</description><ucd>meta.code</ucd><dataType xsi:type="vs:VOTableType">int</dataType></column></table></schema></tableset></ri:Resource>