J/A+A/710/A57ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/710/A57CDSTuomainen R.Finoguenov A.Comparat J.Doubrawa L.2026-05-28T07:43:42Z2026-05-28T08:42:47ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxy-clustersx-ray-sourcesvisible-astronomyredshiftedNumerical simulations of hierarchical structure formation predict that galaxy clusters retain significant dark matter substructure, a signature of their ongoing assembly. This substructure is traced by both the spatial distribution of member galaxies and perturbations in the hot intracluster medium. Merging events significantly impact the thermodynamic state of clusters, introducing scatter in observable mass scaling relations and thereby affecting their use as precision cosmology probes. We statistically quantified the prevalence and properties of substructure in optical galaxy clusters and directly investigated its impact on X-ray morphology and scaling relations, leveraging new data from the DECaLS Legacy Survey and the SRG/eROSITA all-sky survey. We applied the hierarchical density-based clustering algorithm HDBSCAN to the redMaPPer galaxy cluster catalog to identify and characterize substructure from the probabilistic membership assignments. This provides a refined membership catalog and a classification of each cluster as containing substructure or not. We then cross-matched this sample with the eROSITA X-ray morphology catalog to correlate optical substructure with a comprehensive set of X-ray morphological parameters. Finally, we analyzed the scaling relation between X-ray luminosity and optical richness for clusters with and without substructure. Substructure is a common feature, present in approximately 40% of clusters; a quarter of the full sample exhibits a fractional contribution to richness in excess of 35%. We find a highly significant correlation between optical substructure and disturbed X-ray morphologies, a trend that is strongest for high-mass clusters. The clusters with substructure also drive a stronger redshift evolution in the scatter of the Lx-{lambda} relation. At low redshifts (z<0.2), they display a systematically higher X-ray luminosity at fixed richness compared to relaxed systems. We demonstrate that substructure identification with redMaPPer is viable and essential for enhancing the precision of cluster cosmology. We attribute the enhanced effect of mergers on X-ray properties at low redshifts to the increased density contrast of low-redshift cool cores and longer substructure survival times, which are possibly due to the suppression of disruptive mixing by effects such as magnetic draping. At lower cluster richness, a discordance between X-ray morphology and the merging state indicates a growing relative importance of active galactic nucleus feedback in governing X-ray morphology.2026A&A...710A..57Thttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/710/A57CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/685/A106 : eRASS. Galaxy clusters and groups in WGH (Bulbul+, 2024)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/710/A57https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/710/A57http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/710/A57https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/710/A57https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/710/A57http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/710/A57GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/710/A57/main (redMaPPer clusters with identified substructure)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/710/A57/main?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/710/A57/main?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/710/A57/main?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true205.946577816559.784536145890.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/710/A57/members (Cluster member galaxy catalogue)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/710/A57/members?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/710/A57/members?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/710/A57/members?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true205.98711239589.770627661880.0055555555555555565/6253 6259 8203 8245 8252 8288 8467 8593 8772 9190 10926 10959 11575 6/4108 4110 4119-4120 4160 4173 4175 4197 4199 4203 4211 4213 4215 4220 4237 4268 4272 4278 4307 4313 4323 4333 4345 4362-4363 4372 4401 4405-4407 4427 4441 4443-4444 4455 4461 4474 4527 4548 4555 4562 4570 4577 4580 4589 4602-4603 4608 4634 4646 4760 4779 4786 4795 4809-4810 4812 4816 4818 4840 4844 4860 4863 4911 4918 4937 4941 4947 4954-4955 4964 4966 4976 4998-4999 5015 5022 5036-5037 5059 5061 5130 5133 5135 5142 5161 5196 5213 5218 5245 5251 5257 5260 5262-5263 5268 5280 5282 5288 5299 5301 5304-5305 5330 5408-5409 5644 6148 6156 6158 6207 6212 6215 6224 6226 6237 6293 6338 6344 6408-6409 6419 6432 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46179 46196 46224 46235 46242 46252 46254 46258 46264 46272-46273 46277 46312 46314 46316 46326 46328 46332 46342 46364 46368-46369 46376 46378 46380-46382 46385 46387-46389 46396 46434-46435 46444 46459 46471 46492 46499 46516 46535 46540 46595 46609 46611-46612 46632 46637 46660 46673 46677 46694 46739 46752 46754 47153 47165 47168 47177 47188 47204 47217 47221 47225 47314 47317 47319-47320 47327 47358-47360 47390 47404-47405 47409 47418 47420 47489 47491 47511 47533 47708https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/710/A57?format=asciiX-rayOpticaldefaultJ/A+A/710/A57/mainredMaPPer clusters with identified substructurerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintName1eRASS Name (IAUNAME)meta.id;meta.maincharDetUIDeROSITA detection idmeta.idcharRAJ2000X-ray cluster center right ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000X-ray cluster center declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainz1Redshift of X-ray sourcesrc.redshiftfloatClusterCluster idmeta.idRA2degOptical center right ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.raDE2degOptical center declination (J2000)degpos.eq.decz2Redshift of optical clustersrc.redshiftdoubleNsubclNumber of subclusters (1)meta.numberintL5000.2-2.3keV luminosity within R500 (in 10^42^erg/s)1e+35Wphys.luminosity;em.X-raydoublee_L5001sigma lower limit of L500 (in 10^42^erg/s)1e+35Wstat.errordoubleE_L5001sigma upper limit of L500 (in 10^42^erg/s)1e+35Wstat.error;stat.maxdoubleScaleValScaling valuestat.fit.paramdoubleMaskFracMasking fractionstat.fit.paramdoublelambdaOptical richnesssrc.class.richnessdoublee_lambdaRichness errorstat.errordoublemuMass ratio (2)phys.mass;arith.ratiodoubleJ/A+A/710/A57/membersCluster member galaxy catalogueGalaxyGalaxy idmeta.id;meta.mainzCluster redshiftsrc.redshiftdoubleRAJ2000Galaxy right ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainindexedDEJ2000Galaxy declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainindexedpvalueredMaPPer p-valuestat.fit.goodnessdoubleCG[0/1] True (1) if a central galaxymeta.codeintlabel[0/8] Subcluster labelmeta.codeintProbHDBSCAN p-valuemeta.notedoublerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintClusterCluster idmeta.id.parent