J/A+A/708/A78ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/708/A78CDSKasikov A.Mehner A.Kolka I.Aret A.2026-05-04T07:43:19Z2026-04-01T09:23:45ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmilky-way-galaxysupergiant-starsstellar-distanceDistances to evolved massive stars in the Milky Way are not well constrained by Gaia parallaxes due to their brightness and variability. This makes it difficult to determine their fundamental stellar parameters, such as radius or luminosity, and infer their evolutionary states. We aim to improve the distance estimates of Yellow Hypergiants (YHGs) and Yellow Supergiants (YSGs) by identifying possible cluster and association memberships. Using these distances, we derived updated luminosities and revised their positions in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. We compiled from the literature a sample of 35 luminous yellow massive stars (YHGs and the most luminous YSGs). We used Gaia DR3 astrometry to identify possible membership in clusters and OB associations. We derived distances by combining the parallaxes of nearby co-moving stars. We independently validated these distances by comparing the stellar radial velocities to the Galactic HI kinematic map. We combined angular diameters and effective temperature values from the literature with the new distances to estimate luminosities. We improved the distance estimates for 28 of the 35 stars through association with co-moving stellar groups. For an additional six stars, we provided distance estimates based on the HI kinematic map. For one star, the distance remains unclear. Most YSGs are members of young stellar populations, while the environments of the YHGs are more diverse, and for some of them their origin populations remain unclear. We derived updated luminosities for a subset of 20 stars. Most YHGs have luminosities above log L/L=5.4, while YSGs occupy a wider range of luminosities and the most luminous YSGs have luminosities similar to YHGs.2026A&A...708A..78Khttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/708/A78CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)I/352 : Distances to 1.47 billion stars in Gaia EDR3 (Bailer-Jones+, 2021)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/708/A78https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/708/A78http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/708/A78https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/708/A78https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/708/A78http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/708/A78GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/708/A78/tabled1 (Gaia DR3 data used in the paper for identified nearby stars for each YHG and YSG)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/708/A78/tabled1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/708/A78/tabled1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/708/A78/tabled1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true175.8216603154432-62.40462793982470.0055555555555555566/1460 2940 3273 3276 3632-3634 3659 3680 14197 14199 14253 14280 14282 14301-14302 14425 14431 20822 20828 28803 30694 37365 37867 37870-37871 37895 37915 37918 37922 37927-37928 37933 37938 37944 39233 39776 39778 41671 41676-41677 41688 41756 42435 425161.9867573869263685e-19 3.916500758235022e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/708/A78?format=asciidefaultJ/A+A/708/A78/tabled1Gaia DR3 data used in the paper for identified nearby stars for each YHG and YSGrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintYSG/YHGYSG/YHG corresponding to the star (corresp_ysg_yhg)meta.notecharGaiaDR3Gaia DR3 source id (SOURCE_ID)meta.id;meta.mainRA_ICRSGaia DR3 right ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0 (ra)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDE_ICRSGaia DR3 declination (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0 (dec)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainplxGaia DR3 parallax (parallax)maspos.parallax.trigdoublee_plxGaia DR3 parallax error (parallax_error)masstat.error;pos.parallaxdoublepmRAGaia DR3 proper motion ra (pmra)mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.radouble_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.raindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.decindexede_pmRAGaia DR3 proper motion ra error (pmra_error)mas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.radoublepmDEGaia DR3 proper motion dec (pmdec)mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decdoublee_pmDEGaia DR3 proper motion dec error (pmdec_error)mas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.decdoubleGmagGaia DR3 G magnitude (phot_g_mean_mag)magphot.mag;em.opt.Vdoublenueff? Gaia DR3 nu eff (nu_eff_used_in_as)um**-1em.freqdoublenullablepscol? Gaia DR3 pseudocolour (pseudocolour)um**-1stat.fit.paramdoublenullableELATGaia DR3 ecliptic latitude (ecl_lat)degpos.ecliptic.latdoubleSolvedGaia DR3 astrometric params solved (astrometric_param)meta.numberintrgeoDistance from Bailer-Jones et al., 2021AJ....161..147B. Cat. I/352 (rgeo)pcpos.distancedoubleb_rgeoLow distance Bailer-Jones et al., 2021AJ....161..147B. Cat. I/352 (b_rgeo)pcpos.distancedoubleB_rgeoHigh distance Bailer-Jones et al., 2021AJ....161..147B. Cat. I/352 (B_rgeo)pcpos.distancedoublepmRAcorrCorrected proper motion ra (pmra_corr)mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.radoublepmDEcorrCorrected proper motion dec (pmdec_corr)mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decdoublezptParallax zero point (Lindegren et al., 2021A&A...649A...4L) (zpt)masphot.mag;arith.zpdoubleplxcorrZero point corrected parallax (plx_corr)maspos.parallax.trigdoublekvalueConstant k from Maiz Apellaniz et al., 2021A&A...649A..13M (k_value)stat.fit.paramdoubleeExtplxParallax external uncertainty (plx_ext_uncert)masstat.errordoubleWeightweight for combining parallaxes (weight)stat.weight;phys.atmol.weightdouble