J/A+A/707/A194ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/707/A194CDSLi Y.Qiu K.2026-04-02T06:28:33Z2026-03-13T10:25:04ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frinterstellar-mediummolecular-cloudsFilamentary gas structures are widely observed in molecular clouds, and are suggested to play a key role in the star formation processes. However, existing observations of molecular filaments are still biased to case studies and small samples and there is a lack of large sample study from a single giant molecular cloud. We aim to carry out a complete census of filaments in Cygnus X, and obtain their physical properties, relations with dense cores, magnetic field (B-field) and HII regions. We extract 2633 filaments and 6551 cores from the column density map of Cygnus X, using the most updated getsf algorithm. We then investigate the mass functions for the cores on and out of the filaments, compare the orientations of the filaments with that of the B-field obtained with the Planck data, derive the radial column density profiles of the filaments close to HII regions, and calculate the distances between the identified young stellar objects and filament spines. We also re-extract filaments at the resolution of the Planck 353GHz dust emission map to study their relationship with the B-field. The filaments in Cygnus X have a typical width of 0.5pc. More than 93% of high-mass cores (>=20M_Ssun}_) are located on filaments. The core mass function constructed from the cores on the filaments (onCMF) shows a power-law in the high-mass end (>10M_Ssun}_) with a slope of -2.30, whereas the high-mass end of the CMF derived from the cores outside the filaments (outCMF) has a much steeper power-law distribution with a slope of -2.83. The core mass corresponding to the peak of onCMF is much less than the Bonner-Ebert mass but that corresponding to the peak of outCMF is well comparable to the Bonner-Ebert mass. Filaments re-extracted from the column density map smoothed to an angular resolution identical to the Planck 353GHz map are mostly perpendicular to the B-field, except that those of lowest column densities are parallel to the B-field. The transition from parallel to perpendicular occurs at a column density equivalent to AV=10mag. Most prominent filamentary gas structures and high-mass cores appear to be preferentially located along the boundaries of HII regions or at the intersections of multiple HII regions. The filaments close to the HII region boundaries show a steeper column density profile on the side toward the HII region compared to that on the opposite side. The formation of more massive cores has a stronger dependence on filaments, and the latter may provide a mass reservoir for the former to grow in mass via accretion. The B-field plays a crucial role in filament formation, and the type O mode where filaments form at the tip of converging flows along an oblique MHD shock front may be prevalent in Cygnus X. In this context, expanding HII regions in the complex induces shocks which compress the surrounding gas, creating inhomogeneity and dense clumps, and forming filaments. The global picture of filaments, cores, and star formation in Cygnus X is apparently consistent with the bubble-filament paradigm proposed in the literature.2026A&A...707A.194Lhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/707/A194CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/476/1243 : Millimeter continuum mapping of Cygnus X (Motte+, 2007)J/A+A/527/A135 : Gas dynamics in Massive Dense Cores in Cygnus-XJ/ApJS/241/1 : Surveys of clumps + cores in Cygnus X. I. ~0.1pc MDCsJ/ApJ/927/185 : Surveys of clumps + cores in Cygnus X. II. VLA obs.J/A+A/664/A88 : LOFAR 148MHz Cygnus X region image (Emig+, 2022)J/ApJ/883/156 : Nobeyama 45m Cygnus-X CO. II. C180 clumps (Takekoshi+, 2019)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/707/A194https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/707/A194http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/707/A194https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/707/A194https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/707/A194http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/707/A194GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/707/A194/table2 (Physical parameters of the cores)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/707/A194/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/707/A194/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/707/A194/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true308.8942.340.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/707/A194/list (Informations on fits image)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/707/A194/list?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/707/A194/list?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/707/A194/list?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true306.9994440.800560.0055555555555555565/3660-3661 3666-3667 3670 3672-3674 3676 6/14619 14621-14623 14652-14653 14658-14659 14662-14663 14686 14700-14702 14708-14710https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/707/A194?format=asciidefaultJ/A+A/707/A194/table2Physical parameters of the coresrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainCoreMassCore masssolMassphys.massfloatMajMajor axispcphys.sizefloatMinMinor axispcphys.sizefloatFlag[0/1] Filament (1=on, 0=off)meta.code.errorintJ/A+A/707/A194/listInformations on fits imagerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Right Ascension of center (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination of center (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainTitleTitle of the FITS filemeta.title;meta.fitscharscaleScale of the imagearcsec/pixinstr.scaleintNxNumber of pixels along X-axismeta.numberintNyNumber of pixels along Y-axismeta.numberintsizeSize of FITS fileKibytephys.size;meta.fitsintFileNameName of FITS file, in subdirectory fitsmeta.id;meta.fitschar