J/A+A/706/A58ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/706/A58CDSRom T.Moraux E.Muzic K.Andersen M.Schirmer M.Almendros-Abad V.2026-03-02T06:25:50Z2026-02-02T09:21:27ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fropen-star-clustersstellar-associationsinfrared-photometryYoung, massive stellar clusters offer a prime setting to explore brown dwarf (BD) formation under high densities and intense UV radiation. Trumpler 14 (Tr 14), a ~1Myr-old cluster located at a distance of 2.4kpc, and particularly rich in O-type stars, is an ideal target for such a study. Our goal is to measure the initial mass function (IMF) in the young massive, high UV flux cluster. We present the deepest study to date of the IMF in Tr 14 based on Gemini Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics System/ Gemini-South Adaptive Optics Imager imaging. We construct the IMF using both the Besancon Galactic model and an observational control field from VISTA for background correction. Completeness was assessed using artificial-star tests and applied to the IMF derivation. Results. We estimate the IMF down to the 20% completeness limit found at ~0.01M_{Sun}_. Using the control field-based IMF as our primary result, we find a slope of {alpha}=0.14+/-0.19for masses between 0.01-0.2M_{Sun}_, and {alpha}=1.72+/-0.04 for 0.2-4.5M_{Sun}_, where dN/dM {prop.to} M^-{alpha}^. The low-mass slope is largely influenced by the incompleteness-affected lowest bin; excluding it brings our results into agreement with those from other young clusters. The resulting median for the star-to-BD ratio in the 0.03-1M_{Sun}_ mass range is 4.0, with a 95% confidence interval of 2.8-5.8. Our analysis reveals that Tr 14 hosts a relatively flat substellar IMF, but this is strongly influenced by the lowest-mass bin, which may be affected by incompleteness. When that bin is excluded, the IMF becomes consistent with those of other regions. The star-to-BD ratio falls within the usually observed ~3-6 range, indicating that brown dwarfs with masses above ~0.03M_{Sun}_ form with similar efficiency across environments. However, the relative lack of objects below this threshold suggests that the presence of an environment with both high stellar density and FUV flux may play a role in shaping the IMF by suppressing the formation of BDs at masses <0.03M_{Sun}_.2026A&A...706A..58Rhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/706/A58CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/701/A147 : Substellar population in Corona Australis (Muzic+, 2025)J/A+A/685/A100 : Young low-mass stars population in Trumpler 14J/A+A/677/A26 : (sub)stellar members of NGC 2244 spectraJ/A+A/668/A19 : Stellar population of Rosette Nebula and NGC 2244J/A+A/660/A11 : Gaia distances to the Carina Nebula Complex (Goeppl+, 2022)J/A+A/587/A153 : VISION I. VISTA Orion A Survey (Meingast+, 2016)J/A+A/572/A116 : The VISTA Carina Nebula Survey (Preibisch+, 2014)J/A+A/515/A26 : H and Ks photometry of Trumpler 14 (Sana+, 2010)J/A+A/476/199 : Trumpler 14 JHKL' photometry (Ascenso+, 2007)J/ApJ/951/139 : W filter YSOs detection. VI. sigma Orionis membersJ/ApJ/881/79 : Flamingos-2 near-infrared photometry in NGC 2244J/ApJ/754/30 : VISTA IR photometry of {sigma} Ori clusterJ/MNRAS/486/1718 : System IMF of 25 Ori (Suarez+, 2019)J/MNRAS/339/44 : UBVRI photometry of Tr 14, Tr 15 and Tr 16 (Tapia+, 2003)J/AJ/143/41 : UBVIc CCD photometry of star clusters Tr14 and Tr16J/AJ/129/856 : Herbig Ae/Be stars in nearby OB associationsVII/233 : 2MASS All-Sky Extended Source Catalog (XSC)I/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)I/350 : Gaia EDR3 (Gaia Collaboration, 2020)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/706/A58https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/706/A58http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/706/A58https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/706/A58https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/706/A58http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/706/A58GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/706/A58/table1 (Tr 14 stellar positions and JHKs photometry using GSAOI imager)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/706/A58/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/706/A58/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/706/A58/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true160.9788703333333-59.55868546666670.0055555555555555566/38016https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/706/A58?format=asciiInfrareddefaultJ/A+A/706/A58/table1Tr 14 stellar positions and JHKs photometry using GSAOI imagerrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRA_ICRSRight Ascension (ICRS) (RA)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDE_ICRSDeclination (ICRS) (Dec)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJmag? Corrected magnitude in J GSAOI photometric filter (J)magphot.mag;em.IR.J;obsdoublenullablee_Jmag? Error of Jmag (eJ)magstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableHmag? Corrected magnitude in H GSAOI photometric filter (H)magphot.mag;em.IR.H;obsdoublenullablee_Hmag? Error of Hmag (eH)magstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableKsmag? Corrected magnitude in Ks GSAOI photometric filter (Ks)magphot.mag;em.IR.K;obsdoublenullablee_Ksmag? Error of Ksmag (eKs)magstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableGaiaDR3Display the gaiadr3 datameta.ref.urlchar