J/A+A/706/A35ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/706/A35CDSSu Y.Yi Z.Li S.Liu M.Kong X.Bu Y.Li D.2026-03-02T06:25:50Z2026-01-28T09:04:56ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxiescatalogsvisible-astronomyUltra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs) are a class of galaxies characterized by extremely low surface brightness and large effective radius. The significance of UDGs lies in their unique properties, such as their diverse dark matter content, which challenge existing theories of galaxy formation and evolution. However, their low surface brightness and diffuse stellar distributions make UDGs particularly difficult to detect. To address this challenge, this study introduces UDGnet-DES, a deep learning-based object detection model, combined with an iterative training strategy, to conduct a large-scale search for UDG candidates in the Dark Energy Survey (DES) DR2 imaging data. Using our model, we searched UDGs from more than 500000 DES images and further filtered the results based on surface brightness and visual inspection. As a result, we obtained a catalog of 2991 UDG samples, of which 39 have spectroscopic redshifts. Analysis of our UDG samples reveals that most objects exhibit nearly circular morphologies. Among them, blue UDGs tend to have higher surface brightness, while red UDGs show significant spatial clustering, in contrast to the more uniformly distributed blue UDGs.The method developed in this study can improve the efficiency of UDG searches and will be applied to the search for UDGs in the China Space Station Telescope (CSST) survey project.2026A&A...706A..35Shttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/706/A35CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toII/371 : The Dark Energy Survey (DES): Data Release 2 (Abbott+, 2021)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/706/A35https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/706/A35http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/706/A35https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/706/A35https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/706/A35http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/706/A35GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/706/A35/tablee1 (Catalog of UDGs with spectroscopic redshifts detected in DES DR2)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/706/A35/tablee1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/706/A35/tablee1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/706/A35/tablee1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true5.166572469-0.466244720.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/706/A35/tablee2 (Catalog of candidate UDGs detected in DES DR2)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/706/A35/tablee2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/706/A35/tablee2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/706/A35/tablee2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true0.5218053813.7216798680.0055555555555555564/2265 5/2 4162 4171 4173-4175 4178 4191 4368 4371 4377 4380 4382 4399 4403 4414-4415 4418-4419 4426 4435-4438 4440 4444 4454 4488 4492 4494 4497-4499 4501 4509 4519 4525-4526 4546 4552 4687 4692 4700 4707 4711-4712 4716 4760 4775 4870 5159 5178-5179 5257-5260 5264 5266 5268 5270 5272 5280-5281 5283-5286 8663 8669 8683 8697 8926 8990-8991 9005 9007 9014 9025 9033 9035-9036 9038-9039 9050 9057 9059 9068 9072 9074 9081-9082 9095 9102 9112 9117 9120 9125 9133 9150 9155-9156 9158 9160 9165 9168 9178 9184 9194 9197 9199 6/0 2-3 12 14 32 34-37 41 43 16470 16473 16475-16476 16478-16479 16487 16496-16497 16502-16504 16643 16647 16652-16653 16655 16657 16660 16662 16664 16667-16670 16672-16673 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36276-36278 36280 36282-36283 36287 36292-36294 36300-36302 36304-36306 36308-36309 36311-36312 36314 36316 36318 36321-36323 36332 36334 36336-36337 36339 36344-36345 36352 36354 36357 36359-36360 36363 36366-36367 36369-36374 36377-36379 36386 36388 36390-36393 36395 36398-36399 36407 36415-36416 36419 36421 36423-36424 36426 36429-36430 36433 36435 36437 36439 36442-36443 36452-36454 36456-36457 36459-36460 36464-36465 36472-36474 36476 36478 36488 36493 36495-36496 36504-36505 36507-36508 36512 36514-36515 36518 36521 36523 36528 36530-36531 36539-36541 36543 36545 36549-36550 36554-36555 36558-36559 36561-36562 36564-36565 36567 36570 36573-36574 36576-36577 36579 36583 36585-36589 36591 36593-36596 36598 36604-36605 36611 36614 36616-36617 36628-36630 36636 36638-36639 36644-36645 36647-36650 36653 36656 36658-36659 36665 36667-36669 36671 36676 36678-36679 36681-36682 36686 36688 36704 36706-36708 36710 36716 36741 36744-36746 36749-36750 36753 36756-36758 36760 36762-36764 36766-36767 36769-36770 36774-36775 36781-36783 36785-36787 36793 36808 36810 36814 36832 36841-36842 36844-36846 36857-36860https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/706/A35?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/A+A/706/A35/tablee1Catalog of UDGs with spectroscopic redshifts detected in DES DR2recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintCoadIDDES DR2 unique identifiermeta.id;meta.mainRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.maingmagg-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.BfloatqAxis ratiophys.size.axisRatiofloatg-ig-i colormagphot.colorfloatSuBrgMean effective surface brightness in g-bandmag.arcsec**-2phot.mag.sbfloatzredshiftsrc.redshiftfloatRePhysical effective radiuskpcphys.size.radiusfloatJ/A+A/706/A35/tablee2Catalog of candidate UDGs detected in DES DR2recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintCoadIDDES DR2 unique identifiermeta.id;meta.mainRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.maingmagg-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.BfloatqAxis ratiophys.size.axisRatiofloatg-ig-i colormagphot.colorfloatSuBrgMean effective surface brightness in g-bandmag.arcsec**-2phot.mag.sbfloatreEffective radiusarcsecphys.angSizefloat