J/A+A/705/A78ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/705/A78CDSVenhola A.Mueller O.2026-03-02T06:25:50Z2026-01-06T10:38:21ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxiesvisible-astronomyinfrared-photometrybroad-band-photometryConstraining the properties, spatial distribution, and luminosity function of dwarf galaxies in different galactic environments is crucial for understanding the dwarf galaxy formation and evolution. Large surveys such as the Kilo Degree Survey (KiDS) provide useful publicly available datasets that can be used to identify dwarf galaxy candidates in a range of galactic neighborhoods. The resulting catalogs are useful for constraining the abundance of dwarfs in different environments and also provide useful galaxy samples for future follow-up studies. Ultimately this analysis of low-mass galaxies also provides constraints on our cosmological galaxy formation models. We generated a dwarf galaxy candidate catalog based on the KiDS images. KiDS data covers a 1004 deg2 area in u', g', r', and i' filters that is centered on two horizontal stripes at the equator and in the southern hemisphere. In our catalog we provide the locations, photometric properties, and visual classifications of dwarf galaxy candidates within 60 Mpc in all different environments covered by the KiDS. We also use the catalog to analyze the dwarf galaxy numbers and distributions in groups as a function of groups' virial mass. We used Max-Tree Objects (MTO) to identify sources from the KiDS data. We then selected objects based on their detection sizes and surface brightness. We used automated photometric pipeline to run GALFIT on the images in order to measure the structure, brightness, and color of the objects. We then used size, surface brightness, and color cuts to exclude the likely background galaxies and classify the likelihoods of the remaining objects being dwarf galaxies based on their visual appearance. We also probed the completeness limits and detection biases of our detection procedure, by embedding simulated galaxies into the KiDS images. Our catalog contains galaxies that have Re larger than 3 arcsec and reaches the 50% completeness limit at the r'-band mean effective surface brightness of 26mag/arcsec^2^. Near the completeness limit there is a slight selection bias toward detecting more round and centrally peaked objects more effectively than the more elongated and centrally flat. Altogether we identified 4x10^7^ objects from the KiDs data. After applying the size, color, and surface brightness cuts, we were left with 6230 objects for which we performed photometry and visual classifications. We ranked those objects into five classes based on their likeliness of being a dwarf. We identified 763 galaxies as clear dwarfs, 793 as likely dwarfs, and 933 as possible dwarfs. The remaining objects are likely not dwarfs. Based on the distances of groups that the dwarfs are likely to be associated with, the dwarfs are expected to lie at distances of between 14Mpc-60Mpc. The majority of dwarfs in the sample have magnitudes of between 14mag<m_r_<20mag, effective radii of between 1arcsec<R_e_<30arcsec, and mean effective surface brightnesses of between 21mag/arcsec^2^<{mu}{bar}_r,e_<25mag/arcsec^2^. We compare the measured properties of the galaxies in our catalog with values from the literature and find mostly good agreement between those, when considering the differences in the data qualities. The only exceptions are the effective radii, which are systematically smaller in our catalog, due to the background subtraction method used in the KiDS data reduction. We also identify the most likely associations with groups and cluster for all the dwarfs in our catalog. Additionally we compare the number of dwarfs and their distribution within the groups with similar dwarfs found in the Illustris-TNG simulations. We find no statistically significant tension between the dwarf numbers and distributions between the observations and the simulations. Our catalog contains locations, colors, structural parameters, and likely group memberships for 2489 dwarf galaxy candidates. All the measurements are publicly available. The catalog can be used to study properties of dwarfs in a range of environments and it provides a good dataset for follow-up studies.2026A&A...705A..78Vhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/705/A78CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/705/A78https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/705/A78http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/705/A78https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/705/A78https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/705/A78http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/705/A78GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/705/A78/tablea1 (All detections from 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26108-26109 26111 26113 26117-26120 26122-26125 26127-26129 26134-26136 26138 26140-26141 26144-26146 26150-26152 26155 26157-26161 26163-26164 26166-26167 26170 26176-26177 26185 26187 26189-26191 26241-26243 26316-26318 26320-26322 26324-26326 26328 26331-26332 26336-26338 26344 26346 26348 26350 26352-26354 26359 26362-26363 26365 26367 26380-26382 26384-26385 26387 26394 26399 26406 26408-26409 26411 26413-26414 26419-26420 26423-26424 26426-26430 26432-26433 26435-26436 26438 26440-26442 26444-26445 26448 26451-26454 26458 26466 26468-26469 26472 26474 26480 26497-26499 26502 26505 26508-26509 26512-26514 26516 26518 26521-26522 26529 26532-26534 26536-26538 26707 26710-26711 26713-26716 26719 26726-26727 26730-26732 26735 26745-26746 26749 26751 26773 26816-26818 26820 26822 26824-26825 26828-26829 26831-26832 26835 26838-26842 26849 26865 26867 26873-26875 26882 26886-26888 26891 26894 26896 26898 26901-26903 26905-26907 26920-26921 26923 26929-26931 27010 27013-27015 27060-27062 27068 27084-27086 27088-27090 27093-27094 27096 27099-27100 27102 27108 27110-27114 27116-27117 27119-27120 27123-27125 27127 27132 27134-27135 27217 27229 27245 27247 27266 27270-27271 27288 27290-27291 27316 27318-27319 27370 27404-27405 27408-27410 27415 27418-27421 27423 27425 27429-27431 27442 27445-27446 27452 27455-27456 27458-27459 27461-27464 27466-27467 27471-27472 27476-27478 27481 27484 27488-27489 27491-27492 27494-27496 27498 27669 27674-27675 27679-27682 27688 27690-27691 27694-27695 27697-27699 27704-27705 27707 27713-27715 27721 27723-27725 27730 27732 27737 27740 27745-27748 27753-27755 27776 27779-27781 27784-27786 27792 27794-27797 27804 27809-27812 27814 27816-27817 30889-30891 31232-31233 31235-31236 31240 31242-31243 31245 31250 31256 31262 31272 31279-31280 31282-31283 31328 31330-31331 31340 31342-31343 31360-31362 31365-31367 31420-31421 31423 31436-31438 31448 31451 31464-31465 31467 31473 31475-31476 31487 31656 31659 34534-34535 34537-34539 34554 35287 35291 35303 35307 35543 35547 35559 35563 35611 35623 35627 35648-35649 35651 35696-35698 35700-35701 35764-35766 35768-35770 35780 35782 35784-35786 35861-35863 35865-35867 35877-35879 35883 35920 35922-35923 35926 36020-36022 36024-36026 36040-36041 36052 36056 36136 36356-36358 36360-36362 40805-40807 40809-40813 40816-40817 40825-40827 40830-40831 40851 40853-40856 40860-40862 40869 40880 40882 40885-40886 40889 40894-40895 40897-40899 40901-40902 40904-40906 40908-40910 40917 40919 40921-40922 40924-40925 40929-40931 40935 40940-40941 40943 40945-40946 40949-40951 40953-40955 44883 44885-44887 44890 44894-44895 44902-44903 44905 44907-44909 44911 44913 44915 44917 44919-44920 44922 44924 44926 44953-44956 44958-44959 44965-44967 44969-44971 44973-44975 44980-44981 44985 44987 44989 44991-44992 44994-44995 44998 45000-45002 45004-45005 45007 45012-45013 45015 45029-45032 45034-45035 45040 45042-45043 46549-46551 46553-46555 46565-46567 46569-46571 46805-46807 46809 46812-46813 46815 46837 46869-46871 46873-46875 46885-46887 46889-46891 46964-46966 46968-46970 47036 47044-47046 47048-47050 47052 47072 48400https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/705/A78?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/A+A/705/A78/tablea1All detections from KiDSrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000[0/360] Right Ascension J2000degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainindexedDEJ2000Declination J2000degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainindexedrmag? Detection magnitude in r' bandmagphot.mag;em.opt.RfloatnullableReDetection effective radiusarcsecphys.angSizefloatmur? Mean effective surface brightness in r-bandmag.arcsec**-2phot.mag.sbfloatnullableJ/A+A/705/A78/tableb1Dwarf candidatesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDIdentification numbermeta.id;meta.mainintRAJ2000Right Ascension J2000degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination J2000degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainrmagTotal r'-band magnitude from GALFITmagphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloate_rmagUncertainty of rmagmagstat.error;phot.magfloatReEffective radius from GALFITarcsecphys.angSizefloate_ReUncertainty of Rearcsecstat.errorfloatnSersic index from GALFITstat.fit.paramfloate_nUncertainty of nstat.errorfloatb/aAxis-ratio from GALFITphys.angSize;arith.ratiofloate_b/aUncertainty of b/astat.errorfloatumagAp? Aperture magnitude in u-band, aper_r_=Remagphot.mag;em.opt.Ufloatnullablee_umagAp? Uncertainty of amag_umagstat.error;pos.cartesian.xfloatnullablegmagAp? Aperture magnitude in g-band, aper_r_=Remagphot.mag;em.opt.Bfloatnullablee_gmagAp? Uncertainty of amag_gmagstat.errorfloatnullablermagAp? Aperture magnitude in r-band, aper_r_=Remagphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloatnullablee_rmagAp? Uncertainty of amag_rmagstat.errorfloatnullableimagAp? Aperture magnitude in i-band, aper_r_=Remagphot.mag;em.opt.Ifloatnullablee_imagAp? Uncertainty of amag_imagstat.errorfloatnullableRFF? Residual flux fractionphot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullableGroupName of the possible groupmeta.idcharMClassMorphological classsrc.morph.typeint