The main sequence-white dwarf valley J/A+A/704/A70 ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/704/A70 CDS Ranaivomanana P. Johnston C. Iorio G. Groot P.J. Uzundag M. Kupfer T.,Aerts C. 2026-03-02T06:25:50Z 2025-12-01T10:05:31Z CDS support team CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France cds-question@unistra.fr variable-stars subdwarf-stars orbits visible-astronomy The unprecedented volume and quality of data from space- and ground-based telescopes present an opportunity for machine learning to identify new classes of variable stars and peculiar systems that may have been overlooked by traditional methods. The region between the main sequence and white-dwarf sequence in the colour-magnitude diagram (CMD) hosts a variety of astrophysically valuable and poorly characterised objects, including hot subdwarfs, pre-white dwarfs, and interacting binaries. Extending prior methodological work, this study investigates the potential of unsupervised learning approach to scale effectively to larger stellar populations, including objects in crowded fields, and without the need for pre-selected catalogues, specifically focusing on 13405 sources selected from Gaia DR3 and lying in the selected region of the CMD. Our methodology incorporates unsupervised clustering techniques based primarily on statistical features extracted from Gaia DR3 epoch photometry. We used the t-distributed stochastic neighbour embedding (t-SNE) algorithm to identify variability classes, their subtypes, and spurious variability induced by instrumental effects. Feature importance was evaluated using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) values to identify the most influential parameters associated with each cluster. The clustering results revealed distinct groups, including hot subdwarfs, cataclysmic variables (CVs), eclipsing binaries, and objects in crowded fields, such as those in the Andromeda (M31) field. Several potential stellar subtypes also emerged within these clusters, such as pulsating hot subdwarfs exhibiting pure or hybrid (pressure and/or gravity) modes within the hot subdwarf cluster. Magnetic CVs and dwarf novae appeared in the CVs cluster. Feature evaluation further enabled the identification of a cluster dominated purely by photometric variability, as well as clusters associated with instrumental effects and crowded fields. Notably, objects previously labelled as RR Lyrae were found in an unexpected region of the CMD, potentially due to either unreliable astrometric measurements (e.g. due to binarity) or alternative evolutionary pathways. This study emphasises the robustness of the proposed method in finding variable objects in a large region of the Gaia CMD, including variable hot subdwarfs and CVs, while demonstrating its efficiency in detecting variability in extended stellar populations. The proposed unsupervised learning framework demonstrates scalability to large datasets and yields promising results in identifying stellar subclasses. 2025A&A...704A..70R https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/704/A70 Catalog Research IsServedBy TAP VizieR generic service IsServedBy Conesearch service related-to I/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022) https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.html https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/704/A70 https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/704/A70 http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/704/A70 https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/704/A70 https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/704/A70 http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/704/A70 GET text/xml+votable https://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap Cone search capability for table J/A+A/704/A70/tablea2 (Targets located between the main-sequence and the white dwarf sequence valley) https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/704/A70/tablea2? https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/704/A70/tablea2? http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/704/A70/tablea2? 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33053-33055 33064 33067 33072 33074 33077-33078 33089-33091 33101 33106 33109-33110 33112 33114-33115 33120-33121 33123 33126 33131 33135 33168 33228 33234 33237-33238 33265 33293-33295 33299 33302 33304 33306 33313 33317 33319 33321 33328 33352 33359-33360 33403 33427 33435 33440 33455 33468 33498 33513 33533 33546 33574 33594 33713 33753 33765 33807 33810 33822 33826 33850 33856 33866 33873 33896 33907 33923 33930 34066 34085 34094 34097 34115 34127 34131 34139 34198 34250 34267-34268 34337 34357 34418 34437 34476 34538 34558 34597 34603 34617 34629 34655 34666 34697 34702 34714 34728 34738 34755 34766 34775 34782 34788 34803 34805 34808 34849 34864 34866 34901 34903 34909 34933 34946 34950 34955 34961 34977 34986 34996 35050 35077 35081 35114-35115 35128 35181 35206 35214 35217 35247 35255 35258 35284 35291 35293 35298 35305 35317 35338 35342 35344 35351 35358 35361-35362 35364-35365 35367 35373 35403 35413 35416-35417 35430 35432 35441 35465 35515 35580 35588 35590 35638 35662 35674 35682 35690 35700 35713 35718 35780 35802 35824 35847 35854 35857 35879 35928 35935 35940 35942 35944 35950 35958-35960 35971 36008 36017 36020 36031 36039 36049 36058 36062 36068 36088 36101 36103-36104 36114 36129 36142 36170 36180 36186 36191 36201 36221 36228 36276 36291 36293 36307-36308 36382 36397 36400 36454 36480 36490 36540 36582 36584 36619 36679 36684 36699 36721 36743-36744 36865 36880 36889 36898 36901 36904 36908 36910 36921 36937 36940-36941 36943 36954 36957 36970 36980 36995 37018 37022 37025-37026 37067-37068 37079 37081-37082 37091 37106 37127 37130 37140 37142 37148-37150 37153 37158 37165 37175 37177 37182 37186 37190 37193 37195 37208-37209 37211-37212 37214 37217 37222-37224 37226-37230 37234-37235 37238 37252 37260-37261 37264 37268 37271 37274 37278 37287 37290 37293-37294 37301 37303 37309 37312 37314 37316-37318 37322-37323 37333-37338 37340-37342 37344 37346-37349 37351-37352 37354 37356-37357 37363-37364 37368-37369 37373 37375 37413 37420-37421 37434 37438 37441 37451 37467-37470 37490 37492 37504 37514 37528 37535 37544-37545 37560 37572 37574 37578 37583 37589 37595 37597 37601 37611 37635 37637 37639 37643-37644 37646 37648 37650-37654 37656 37665 37669 37675 37677 37682 37689 37691 37696 37702 37704 37706 37712 37714 37718 37721 37725-37728 37732 37735-37738 37740 37744-37745 37751 37755 37776 37779 37781 37784-37785 37790 37794 37802 37804 37806 37812 37816 37818 37821 37827 37838 37843 37851 37866 37868 37880 37884 37888-37890 37893-37895 37897 37900 37902-37903 37923 37925-37927 37933 37935-37937 37939 37948-37949 37951-37954 37958 37962 37965-37969 37971 37980 37983 37985 37987 37990-37991 37998 38000 38002 38004 38009-38010 38013-38014 38016 38018-38019 38024 38028-38029 38031-38032 38034-38035 38038-38039 38041-38042 38045 38047-38048 38051 38053-38054 38056 38058-38060 38062-38063 38069 38074-38075 38077 38084 38086 38089 38097 38100 38105 38107 38115 38119-38121 38123 38131 38139 38146-38147 38153-38156 38159-38160 38162 38164-38166 38168-38170 38172 38175 38181-38183 38185-38186 38188-38189 38191 38193-38194 38200-38202 38205-38206 38208 38210 38216 38218-38220 38225 38229 38234 38237 38244-38245 38247 38256 38258-38259 38265 38267-38268 38274-38275 38285 38292-38293 38296-38297 38299 38301-38302 38304 38306-38309 38316 38318 38320 38322-38323 38348 38354 38357 38361-38362 38364 38367 38371 38375 38377 38379-38380 38384 38389 38401 38409 38411-38412 38414-38415 38419-38421 38427 38429 38431-38432 38434-38436 38440 38442 38445 38447-38448 38451 38454 38456 38473 38480 38486-38488 38490 38492 38495 38498 38502-38503 38507 38509-38510 38512-38513 38517-38518 38526 38532 38539 38547 38549 38559 38565 38569 38571 38579 38581-38583 38586 38591 38595-38596 38600 38605 38607 38609-38610 38613 38617 38623 38629 38631 38635 38637-38638 38640 38642-38643 38646 38649 38653-38654 38658 38672-38674 38681 38688 38690 38694 38696-38697 38701 38703 38713 38720 38733 38762 38764 38787 38792 38801 38818 38826-38827 38831 38834 38836 38857 38882 38915 38966 38974 38996 39006 39021 39056-39057 39063 39085 39099 39104 39123 39144 39148 39153-39154 39191 39194 39198 39207 39213 39216 39221 39223 39231 39233-39234 39241 39244 39247 39249 39264 39270 39272 39275 39279 39284 39295 39312 39314-39316 39320 39323 39328 39332 39340 39344 39347-39349 39351 39353 39356 39362-39363 39367-39368 39370 39375 39378 39385 39387 39391 39394-39395 39397 39401 39404 39407 39409-39411 39413-39415 39420-39421 39423 39428 39444 39449 39459 39468 39489 39512 39514 39520 39531 39546-39547 39550 39570 39586 39591 39616 39618 39631 39645 39648 39672 39677-39678 39680-39681 39683 39686 39691 39693-39694 39698 39701 39706-39707 39714 39717-39718 39720 39729 39732-39733 39745 39749 39751 39754 39759 39761 39763-39765 39767-39769 39771 39774-39776 39778-39779 39783-39784 39786 39789 39791 39800-39801 39803 39817-39818 39820 39824 39828 39836 39838 39840 39857 39861 39867 39869 39872-39873 39875 39878-39879 39881-39882 39884 39886-39887 39906-39907 39909-39911 39913 39925-39926 39928 39930 39932-39933 39942 39954-39955 39959 39961 39970 39973 39975 39977 39979-39980 39984 39991-39992 39995 40002-40003 40005-40006 40008 40010 40012-40014 40016 40020 40023-40025 40029-40030 40033-40035 40037 40040 40042 40046 40049 40054-40056 40059 40067 40071 40074 40076 40078-40079 40081-40083 40092 40094-40096 40099 40102-40103 40109-40111 40116-40117 40119 40125-40126 40131 40134-40135 40139 40143-40144 40148 40163 40165-40167 40169 40172-40174 40176 40178 40184-40185 40187-40189 40207 40215-40216 40225-40227 40230 40235 40255 40320 40323 40326-40327 40333 40338 40341 40350 40355 40394 40402 40417 40449-40451 40456-40457 40459-40462 40468 40470-40471 40473 40475 40488-40490 40496-40497 40499-40500 40502-40503 40520 40522 40529 40531-40532 40539 40541 40545-40546 40550-40553 40557 40562 40567-40569 40571 40573 40587-40588 40590-40593 40595 40598-40599 40601 40608-40609 40611 40613-40615 40617-40618 40624 40626 40628 40631 40636-40637 40639 40644 40648 40650-40652 40654 40658 40664 40672 40674-40675 40684-40685 40687 40706 40714 40736 40739 40745 40749 40751 40795 40799 40814-40815 40826 40830 40832 40836 40845 40848 40851 40864 40875 40880 40897 40906 40916 40925 40935 40944-40945 40953 40972 40998 41020 41022 41028 41072 41075 41084 41093 41097 41109 41113 41121 41142 41144 41151-41152 41157-41158 41166 41175-41176 41179 41196 41204 41215 41222 41224 41238 41247 41249 41262-41263 41267 41272 41274 41281 41283-41284 41286-41287 41289 41291-41293 41296 41298-41299 41301 41304 41307 41310-41311 41316-41317 41320 41322-41323 41325-41326 41328 41333 41339-41341 41343-41344 41346 41354-41357 41359 41362-41363 41377-41382 41396 41398-41399 41404-41405 41407 41417-41420 41422-41423 41425-41426 41429-41431 41440 41442 41448-41449 41451 41474 41476 41481 41485-41486 41488 41492 41500 41502 41505-41506 41511 41516 41522 41524-41526 41528 41530 41533-41535 41537-41538 41542-41543 41547-41548 41550 41553-41554 41558-41559 41574-41575 41592-41593 41595-41598 41600 41602-41606 41648-41650 41652-41654 41663 41668 41671 41677-41679 41682-41683 41685-41687 41692 41694-41695 41697-41699 41701-41703 41721-41723 41732 41735 41745 41747-41749 41751 41756-41757 41765 41767-41768 41770 41772 41774 41779 41786-41787 41789-41794 41796 41799 41808 41812 41832 41834-41836 41839 41841-41842 41849 41851-41854 41857 41860-41861 41863-41864 41866-41870 41872 41874-41875 41881-41883 41885-41887 41892-41894 41896 41898 41900-41901 41903-41905 41920-41921 41924 41926-41927 41929-41930 41932-41934 41937-41939 41945 41948-41949 41958 41962 41965 41976 41988-41989 41997-41998 42001-42003 42013 42015-42016 42021 42023 42029-42033 42035 42039 42044-42045 42047-42048 42055 42057 42059 42069-42070 42075 42077 42083-42084 42086-42087 42089-42091 42097-42100 42102-42103 42105-42107 42115 42120 42122-42123 42156-42158 42164-42166 42172 42174 42177-42179 42184-42185 42187-42188 42196-42197 42200 42208 42211 42216-42217 42220-42221 42224 42227-42228 42230 42232 42234-42237 42240 42242-42243 42245-42247 42253-42254 42257 42263 42269-42273 42275 42284 42286-42287 42296-42298 42301 42303-42304 42306-42307 42309 42311 42314-42316 42318-42319 42340-42341 42348-42349 42352-42353 42355 42365 42367 42373 42375 42382 42399-42400 42405 42407 42409-42411 42421-42426 42444 42446 42464 42466-42467 42469-42471 42482-42483 42496-42497 42503-42504 42506 42508-42510 42512 42524-42525 42532 42534 42550-42551 42553 42555 42569-42571 42573-42576 42582 42584 42587 42589 42592 42594-42596 42599-42601 42605-42610 42617 42625 42627 42629-42630 42632 42636-42637 42640-42642 42644-42646 42652-42653 42658 42663-42665 42668 42671 42674 42679-42680 42683 42689 42691 42696-42697 42699-42700 42705-42706 42708 42715 42719 42722 42725 42737 42739 42741 42749 42757 42759 42772 42774-42775 42780-42781 42783-42784 42798 42801 42804 42810-42811 42829 42831 42849-42851 42857 42859 42861-42863 42872 42874-42877 42879-42880 42882-42884 42886 42889 42891-42893 42898 42909-42910 42912 42915 42917 42920 42924 42928 42936-42937 42939 42949 42953 42957 42964 42966 42973 42985-42986 43002 43014 43020 43022-43023 43025 43029-43031 43033-43035 43040 43042-43044 43047-43048 43050-43051 43065-43069 43071 43073-43077 43079 43084-43085 43088 43090-43091 43094 43096 43101 43104 43106 43113-43114 43117 43119-43120 43125 43127 43133 43136-43137 43142 43144-43146 43148 43150-43151 43153-43156 43159 43166 43177 43179-43182 43184-43186 43193 43196 43202 43206 43213-43215 43224 43226-43227 43244 43250 43268 43271 43275-43276 43288 43296 43301-43305 43307 43310 43351 43353 43401-43403 43407 43520 43522-43525 43532 43534-43535 43542 43546 43548 43552 43554 43556-43557 43560-43562 43573 43589 43606 43610 43617-43618 43623 43650 43652-43654 43656 43659 43666-43667 43674 43684-43685 43696-43697 43699 43706 43708 43718 43722 43724 43730 43742-43743 43756 43804 43811 43828 43882 43908 43912 43929 43940 43947 44037 44048 44064 44072 44097 44111-44112 44115 44133 44230 44289 44307 44314 44319 44344 44361-44362 44369 44390-44391 44393 44395 44402 44436 44506 44508 44533 45057 45063 45137 45162 45175 45182 45186 45193 45200 45213 45217 45239 45241 45270 45290 45293 45310 45336 45347 45350 45391 45409 45413 45415 45417 45447 45449 45451 45454 45461 45480 45487 45493 45496 45498 45500-45501 45503 45519 45531 45535 45537 45539 45556 45562 45566 45580 45609 45616 45619 45625 45627-45628 45630-45631 45635 45639 45647 45654 45657 45660 45671 45681 45683 45689 45696-45697 45701 45708-45709 45711 45718 45725 45728-45730 45735 45739 45742 45745 45748 45757 45760 45766 45768 45775 45777 45784 45814 45819 45828-45829 45845 45855 45864 45893 45909 45913 45927 45935 45948 45955 45963 45971 45986 46002 46009 46014 46028 46045 46063 46067 46074 46081 46102 46105 46146 46160 46179 46181 46184 46194 46225 46228 46240 46250 46254 46267 46269 46274 46284 46294-46295 46338 46357 46361 46374 46400 46430 46449 46465 46472 46474 46478 46493 46500 46549 46582 46601 46606 46643 46650-46651 46655 46670 46689 46692 46744 46746 46752 46754 46757 46777 46785 46798 46805 46810 46851 46899 46907 46990 47034 47059 47105-47106 47109 47113 47126-47127 47131-47132 47137 47147 47150 47161 47172 47203 47205 47209 47214 47216 47218 47234 47240 47253 47255 47260 47266 47270 47273 47275 47278 47290 47293 47305 47319 47323 47338 47346-47347 47376-47377 47380-47381 47401 47433 47437 47443 47449 47453 47462 47472 47482 47496 47498 47508 47514 47526 47531 47536-47537 47540 47542 47560 47588 47590-47591 47598 47605 47617 47620 47626 47638-47640 47643 47645 47648 47656 47659 47664 47666-47667 47670 47744-47745 47748 47750 47752 47755-47756 47760 47762-47763 47774 47776-47777 47779 47782 47785 47787-47788 47790-47791 47793-47794 47801-47803 47810 47823 47848 47850 47853 47861 47868-47869 47948 47964 47974 47986 47994 47998 48013 48031 48040 48085 48087 48098 48101 48106 48111 48122 48137 48160 48169 48181 48183 48194 48215 48222 48247 48251 48258 48277 48282 48316 48325 48334 48345 48354 48366-48367 48370 48376 48380 48383 48392 48397 48400 48419 48439 48473-48474 48477 48517 48548 48554-48555 48562-48563 48566 48573 48592 48620 48623 48658 48669 48673 48722 48728 48730 48749 48753 48758 48762 48768-48769 48782-48783 48792 48796 48799 48830 48845 48849 48859 48867 48870-48871 48873-48874 48897 48903 48921 48928 48932-48933 48936 48940 48956 48972 49004 49018 49026-49027 49029 49049-49050 49061 49068 49079 49086 49088 49096 49112 49118 49120 49125 49128 49130 49139 49145-49146 49151 1.9867573869263685e-19 3.916500758235022e-19 https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/704/A70?format=ascii Optical default J/A+A/704/A70/tablea2 Targets located between the main-sequence and the white dwarf sequence valley recno Record number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification. meta.record int GaiaDR3 Gaia DR3 source ID meta.id;meta.main RA_ICRS Right Ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0 deg pos.eq.ra;meta.main indexed DE_ICRS Right Ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0 deg pos.eq.dec;meta.main indexed Gmag Gaia G-band magnitude mag phot.mag;em.opt double GMAG Gaia G-band absolute magnitude mag phys.magAbs double BP-RP Gaia BP-RP colour phot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.R double Per Gaia G-band period d time.period double tSNEComp1 t-SNE component 1 meta.code.class double tSNEComp2 t-SNE component 2 meta.code.class double Cluster Cluster name meta.id.parent char GaiaSOSClass Gaia SOS classification meta.code.class char GaiaMLClass Gaia machine learning classification meta.code.class char LitClass Classification from literature meta.code.class char r_LitClass Literature classification reference meta.code.class char